Analysis and Evaluation of Cooperative Management of Natural Resources (Forest and Pasture) in Rural Areas of Dena County

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Today, it is widely accepted that participatory methods are the most efficient means of achieving sustainable management of natural resources. Engaging local communities in decision-making regarding natural resource management is a way to protect these resources and improve villagers' livelihoods. However, there needs to be more participation in natural resource management among local communities. A significant part of Dena County's natural resource areas is designated as protected areas, making their optimal management of great importance. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and evaluate collaborative natural resource management in the rural areas of Dena County. This research is practical and uses a descriptive-analytical analysis method. The statistical population includes all the villages of Dena County, with 30 villages classified probabilistically based on criteria such as the number of households, the village's natural location, and its spatial distribution within the county. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, resulting in 485 rural operators. Data were collected from both library and field sources. A questionnaire was used in the field section, validated by the opinions of 37 experts, and its reliability was confirmed by examining Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each dimension of participatory management. Data analysis employed a one-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Duncan's test, and the Kriging interpolation method. The research results show that overall, people's participation in natural resource management is in an unfavorable situation. Additionally, the spatial distribution of cooperative natural resource management indicates a more favorable situation in the southern areas of Dena compared to the northern areas.
 
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Today, with increasing global attention and concern regarding environmental changes and the diverse economic needs faced by different communities, it has become evident that participatory approaches are among the most efficient and effective methods for achieving sustainable management in various fields, including natural resource management. This type of sustainable management not only contributes to improving the economic conditions of local communities but also significantly assists in the conservation and protection of natural resources. The active participation of local communities in decision-making and policy-making processes related to natural resource management has been recognized as a crucial mechanism for safeguarding natural capital and ecosystems. Furthermore, this type of participation can enhance the livelihoods and quality of life of rural people, as well as strengthen their social and economic infrastructure. However, the existing realities in this field indicate that the actual level of participatory management of natural resources among these local communities is severely limited and almost rare. This limitation can hinder the optimal use and conservation of valuable resources for future generations and may lead to serious crises and challenges in the future. A noteworthy point in this regard is that a significant number of natural resource areas in Dena County have been designated as protected areas, emphasizing the importance and necessity of optimal and desirable management of these areas. This optimal management will not only have a direct impact on the region's ecosystems but also positively influence the economic performance and livelihoods of local communities.
2-Materials and Methods
The primary objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis and evaluation of participatory management in natural resource areas within the rural regions of Dena County. This research, being both practical and applied in nature, aims to address real-world issues. Methodologically, it adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study population encompasses all villages in Dena County. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 30 villages from this population. This selection process considered various criteria such as the number of households, natural location, and the spatial characteristics of these villages within the county. The sample size for this research, determined using Cochran's formula, is 485 rural beneficiaries. This sample size is scientifically and statistically valid, providing a representative overview of the existing situation. Data for this study were collected through both library research and fieldwork. For the fieldwork, a designed questionnaire was used. The validity of this instrument was confirmed by 37 experts in the field of natural resource management. Additionally, the reliability of the questionnaire was verified through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each dimension of participatory management, enhancing the scientific credibility of the research tool. To analyze the data, various statistical methods were employed, including the one-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Duncan's test, and kriging interpolation.
 
3- Results and Discussion
The findings of this study demonstrate that the level of public participation in natural resource management is generally unsatisfactory and in dire need of significant improvements. This issue is so crucial that it must be recognized that enhanced public participation can have numerous positive impacts on the management of these resources. Furthermore, an analysis of the spatial distribution of participatory management in natural resource areas indicates that the southern regions of Dena County are in a better situation compared to the northern regions. This indicates that the southern regions possess greater potential and capacity for resource management and require more attention. Additionally, this reality necessitates more precise and calculated planning to optimally utilize these management capacities. Therefore, it is essential that planning and actions related to natural resource management be carried out with greater care to make the best possible use of all available potentials and ultimately contribute to improving people's quality of life and preserving the environment.
4- Conclusion
Given the challenges faced in managing natural resources in Dena County, it is imperative to implement strategies that enhance public participation. Educating and raising awareness among rural communities, establishing suitable legal frameworks for participation, and strengthening collaboration among stakeholders can contribute to improved collaborative management. Furthermore, considering local needs and perspectives can pave the way for more effective decision-making in the areas of conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources. This research emphasizes the importance of adopting participatory approaches and suggests that by creating appropriate mechanisms, sustainable management of natural resources can be achieved, not only preserving the environment but also bolstering rural livelihoods.

Keywords

References

Abdollahi, F., Banj Shafiei, A., Beygi Heidarlou, H., & Mousavi Mirkala, S. R. (2024). Analysis of forest stakeholders' attitudes toward participatory management in the Sardasht forests, Iranian northern Zagros. Forest Research and Development, 9(4), 437-461.‏ doi: 20.1001.1.24763551. 1402.9.4.1.2. (In Persian).
Afrough, A., Mehrjerdi, M. Z., Amirtaimoori, S., Khalilabadi, H. R. M., & Baniasadi, M. (2018). Identification and ranking of factors affecting the lack of participation of local beneficiaries in management, preservation and reclamation of Lorestan oak forests.‏ 26(3), 393-405. doi: 10.22092/ijfpr.2018.117742. (In Persian).
Al Mohammad, S., Yaori, A. R., Molk-Mohammadi, B., Salehi, I., & Amiri, M. J. (2020). Participatory mapping of the public use area of the Dena district adjacent to the Dena protected area. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 10(34), 53-68. doi: 10.22126/ges.2020.4750.2158. (In Persian).
Apostolopoulou, E., Drakou, E. G., & Pediaditi, K. (2012). Participation in the management of Greek Natura 2000 sites: Evidence from a cross-level analysis. Journal of environmental management, 113, 308-318.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.006
Arameahinia, P., Shobeiri, S. M., & Larijani, M. (2021). The Effect of Environmental Education on the Amount of Knowledge Level, Attitude and Behavior of Local Society to Protect the Biological Variety (Subject of Study to Reserve Dena Sphere of Living). 23 (3)، 103-116. doi: 10.30495/jest.2021.18848.2755. (In Persian).
Arayesh, B., Hosseini, F. A., Mirdamadi, S. M., & Malek Mohammadi, I. (2010). A comparison between viewpoint of experts and utilizers of natural resources on people participation in the process of preservation, restoration, development and utilization of forests and rangelands-Ilam province.‏ https://ijrdr.areeo.ac.ir/article_102932.html. (In Persian).
Atmiş, E., Günşen, H. B., Lise, B. B., & Lise, W. (2009). Factors affecting forest cooperative's participation in forestry in Turkey. Forest policy and economics, 11(2), 102-108.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2008.10.
Bandyopadhyay, S., & Shyamsundar, P. (2004). Fuelwood consumption and participation in community forestry in India. Available at SSRN 610376.‏ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=610376
Begum, F., de Bruyn, L. L., Kristiansen, P., & Islam, M. A. (2022). Forest co-management in the Sundarban mangrove forest: Impacts of women's participation on their livelihoods and sustainable forest resource conservation. Environmental Development, 43, 100731.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2022.100731
Bondori, A., & Khosravipour, B. (2023). Investigating the Effect of Rural Poverty on the Destruction of Zagros Forests. Geography and Human Relationships, 6(1), 116-139.‏ 10.22034/gahr.2023.396123.1866. (In Persian)
Bruña-García, X., & MArey-Pérez, M. F. (2014). Public participation: a need of forest planning. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 7(4), 216.‏ doi: 10.3832/ifor0979-007
Buono, F., Pediaditi, K., & Carsjens, G. J. (2012). Local community participation in Italian national parks management: Theory versus practice. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 14(2), 189-208.‏ doi: 10.1080/1523908X.2012.683937
Chhetri, B. B. K., Johnsen, F. H., Konoshima, M., & Yoshimoto, A. (2013). Community forestry in the hills of Nepal: Determinants of user participation in forest management. Forest Policy and Economics, 30, 6-13.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2013.01.010
Conrad, E., Cassar, L. F., Christie, M., & Fazey, I. (2011). Hearing but not listening? A participatory assessment of public participation in planning. Environment and planning C: government and policy, 29(5), 761-782. doi: 10.1068/c10137
Coulibaly-Lingani, P., Savadogo, P., Tigabu, M., & Oden, P. C. (2011). Factors influencing people's participation in the forest management program in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Forest Policy and Economics, 13(4), 292-302.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2011.02.005
Das, N. (2011). Women's dependence on forest and participation in forestry: A case study of joint forest management program in West Bengal. Journal of Forest Economics, 17(1), 67-89.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.jfe.2010.09.003
Davis, C., Williams, L., Lupberger, S., & Daviet, F. (2013). Assessing Forest Governance: The Governance of Forests Initiative Indicator Framework, https://www.wri.org/research/ assessing-forest-governance
Derkyi, M. A. A., Appau, Y., & Boakye Boadu, K. (2021). Factors influencing community participation in the implementation and monitoring of FLEGT-VPA in Ghana. Forestry Economics Review, 3(1), 19-37.‏ doi: 10.1108/FER-07-2020-0010
Dolisca, F., Carter, D. R., McDaniel, J. M., Shannon, D. A., & Jolly, C. M. (2006). Factors influencing farmers’ participation in forestry management programs: A case study from Haiti. Forest ecology and management, 236(2-3), 324-331.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.017
Ekanayake, E. M. B. P., Xie, Y., & Ahmad, S. (2021). Rural residents’ participation intention in community forestry-challenge and prospect of community forestry in Sri Lanka. Forests, 12 (8), 1050.‏ doi: 10.3390/f12081050
Elsasser, P. (2002). Rules for participation and negotiation and their possible influence on the content of a National Forest Programme. Forest Policy and Economics, 4(4), 291-300.‏ doi: 10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00071-0
Es'haghi, S. R., Hejazi, S. Y., Hosseini, S. M., & Dehaghi, S. (2020). Analyzing the challenges and strategies for public participation in environmental conservation projects in rural areas.‏ 51(1), 51-64. doi: 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.33178.667425. (In Persian).
Ewane, B., Ewane, O., & Heon-Ho, L. (2015). Challenges to sustainable forest management and community livelihoods sustenance in Cameroon: Evidence from the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve in Southwest Cameroon. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(9), 226-239.‏ DOI:10.5539/jsd.v8n9p226
Fallah, A., Imani Rastabi, M., & Nazariani, N. (2018). Investigation some affecting indicators on participation in the sustainable management of forests (case study: traditional area of Kalgachi, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province). Forest Research and Development, 4(3), 273-288.‏ https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_120619.html. (In Persian)
Faramarzi, H., Shabani, S., & Hosseini, S. M. (2025). Evaluation of participatory management in the protection of biosphere reserves (Case study: Golestan National Park). Iranian Journal of Forest, 15(4), 445-459.‏ doi: 10.22034/ijf.2023.359939.1887. (In Persian).
Ghorbannia Kheybari, V., & Armin, M. (2021). Evaluation the potential of landscape ecotourism of Dena Protected Area using V-Wert method. Journal of Natural Environment, 73(4), 745-758.‏ doi: 10.22059/jne.2021.307353.2042. (In Persian)
Habibi, B., Alipour, H., & Kiadaliri, H. (2014). A study on the participation level of forest dwellers and its effective factors in forest management (case study: Babolkenar area of Babol Township). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22(1), 109-120.‏ doi: 10.22092/ijfpr.2013.9060. (In Persian).
Haghighat, R., & Nozari, H. (2021). Study of water quality of the Bashar River in the Dena protected area. Ecobiology of Wetlands (Wetlands), 13(48), 69–84. https://www.sid.ir/paper/ 1032531/fa. (In Persian).
Heidari, M., Lotfalian, M., Tashakori, M., & Valipour, A. (2016). Opportunities and threats in utilization of non-wood products in Baneh forests.‏ (In Persian).
Heydari, G., Aghili, M., Barani, H., Ghorbani, J., & Mahboubian, M. R. (2010). Analysis of the correlation between rangeland status and the level of participation of users in the implementation of rangeland management plans: A case study of the rangelands of Boleh in Mazandaran Province. Rangeland Journal, 4(1), 138–149. https:// www.magiran.com/paper/ 754271. (In Persian).
Hipel, K. W., Kilgour, D. M., & Kinsara, R. A. (2014). Strategic investigations of water conflicts in the Middle East. Group Decision and Negotiation, 23, 355-376.‏ doi: 10.1007/s10726-012-9325-3.
Hjortso, C. N. (2004). Enhancing public participation in natural resource management using Soft OR––an application of strategic option development and analysis in tactical forest planning. European Journal of operational research, 152(3), 667-683.‏ doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00065-1.
Jana, S. K., Lise, W., & Ahmed, M. (2014). Factors affecting participation in joint forest management in the West Bengal state of India. Journal of Forest Economics, 20(4), 317-332.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.jfe.2014.09.003
Kairu, A., Upton, C., Huxham, M., Kotut, K., Mbeche, R., & Kairo, J. (2018). From shiny shoes to muddy reality: understanding how meso-state actors negotiate the implementation gap in participatory forest management. Society & Natural Resources, 31(1), 74-88.‏ doi: 10.1080/08941920.2017.1382628
Karimi, K., & Karami Dehkordi, E. (2016). Rural users' participation in rangeland management projects and the factors affecting it in Mahneshan County. Geography and Development, 14(45), 181-196. doi: 10.22111/gdij.2016.2928. (In Persian)
Kerapeletswe, C. K., & Lovett, J. C. (2002). Factors that contribute to participation in common property resource management: the case of Chobe Enclave and Ghanzi/Kgalagadi, Botswana. In Conference paper presented at the Second World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economist Monterey, California. June.‏ https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlcrest/api/core/ bitstreams/a39306b6-963c-4ff8-b53e-f0356c9d5fda/content
Killian, B., & Hyle, M. (2020). Women's marginalization in participatory forest management: Impacts of responsibilization in Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 118, 102252.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102252
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province Management and Planning Organization. (2020). Statistical yearbook of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Vice Presidency for Statistics and Information, Organization of Planning and Budget of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. https://www.bing.com/search. (In Persian).
Kokaveshi, Z. (2018). THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE ALBANIAN ECONOMY: The economic impact of forestry and pasture managment decentralization. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 7(3), 24-31.‏ www.academia.edu
Kurniawan, N. I., Lujala, P., Rye, S. A., & Vela-Almeida, D. (2022). The role of local participation in the governance of natural resource extraction. The Extractive Industries and Society, 9, 101029.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.exis.2021.101029
Lise, W. (2000). Factors influencing people’s participation in forest management in India. Ecological economics, 34(3), 379-392.‏ doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00182-8
Lucungu, P. B., Dhital, N., Asselin, H., Kibambe, J. P., Ngabinzeke, J. S., & Khasa, D. P. (2022). Local perception and attitude toward community forest concessions in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Forest Policy and Economics, 139, 102734.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2022. 102734
Lund, J. F., Rutt, R. L., & Ribot, J. (2018). Trends in research on forestry decentralization policies. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 32, 17-22.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.cosust. 2018.02.003
Mahmydi, S., Mousavi Mirkola, S. R., Hosenzadeh, O., & Motamedi, J. (2018). Analysis of non-wood forest products marketing mix components in West Azerbaijan province. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 25(2), 81-96.‏ doi: 10.22069/jwfst.2018.12211. 1640. (In Persian)
Malek Hosseini, S. F., & Dashti, S. (2016). Evaluating environmental hazards of the Dena protected area using multi-criteria decision-making method (TOPSIS). Environmental Sciences, 14(3), 41-55. https://www.sid.ir/paper/117517/fa. (In Persian)
Mbeche, R., Ateka, J., Herrmann, R., & Grote, U. (2021). Understanding forest users' participation in participatory forest management (PFM): Insights from Mt. Elgon forest ecosystem, Kenya. Forest Policy and Economics, 129, 102507.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102507
Mendoza, G. A., & Prabhu, R. (2006). Participatory modeling and analysis for sustainable forest management: Overview of soft system dynamics models and applications. Forest Policy and Economics, 9(2), 179-196.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.06.006Get rights and content
Moazeni Naqandar, S. R., & Malekian, A. (2024). Integrated watershed governance and its role in sustainable adaptation to climate change. Natural Resources Governance, 1(1), 83-99. doi: 10.22059/jnrg.2024.367892.1006. (In Persian)
Mohammed, J., Osei-Fosu, A. K., & Yusif, H. (2017). Factors influencing households’ participation in forest management in the northern region of Ghana. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 8(4), 1324-1340.‏ doi: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i4.631
Musyoki, J. K., Mugwe, J., Mutundu, K., & Muchiri, M. (2013). Determinants of household decision to join community forest associations: a case study of Kenya. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2013(1), 902325.‏ doi: 10.1155/2013/902325
Nautiyal, S., & Kaechele, H. (2007). Adverse impacts of pasture abandonment in Himalayan protected areas: Testing the efficiency of a Natural Resource Management Plan (NRMP). Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 27(2), 109-125.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.eiar. 2006.10.003
Nayak, P. K., & Berkes, F. (2008). Politics of co-optation: community forest management versus joint forest management in Orissa, India. Environmental management, 41, 707-718.‏ doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9088-4
Organization for Management and Planning of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. (2019). Land use planning program for Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Yasuj: Vice Presidency for Planning of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. https://www.bing.com/ search. (In Persian).
Patarkalashvili, T. (2016). Some problems of forest management of Georgia. Annals of Agrarian Science, 14(2), 108-113.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.aasci.2016.04.002
Rahmani-Rad Kharfekli, M. R., Heydari, G., Ghorbani, J., & Razaqi Bourkhani, F. (2023). Explaining the components of good governance in the management of rangelands in Iran: Perspectives of natural resources experts. Rangeland Journal, 17(3), 445–465. doi: 10.22059/jnrg.2024.367183.1004. (In Persian).
Rahmanirad Kharfekoli, M., Heydari, Gh., Ghorbani, J., & Razzaghi Burkhani, F. (2024). The effect of good governance on the implementation of rangeland restoration and management projects from the users' point of view (Case study: Summer rangelands of Gilan Province). Natural Resources Governance, 1(1), 15-37. doi: 20.1001.1.20080891.1402.17.3.8.1. (In Persian).
Rezaei, J., Najafifar, A., Seidzadeh, H., & Mohammadpour, M. (2019). Identification of Challenges and Formulation of Participatory Management Strategies of Zagros Forests Using ANP-SWOT Combination Model: A Case Study of Forest Area of Bankoul in Ilam, Iran. Village and Development, 22(1), 23-43.‏ doi: 10.30490/rvt.2019.91758. (In Persian).
Richards, N., & Syallow, D. (2018). Water resources users associations in the Mara Basin, Kenya: Pitfalls and opportunities for community based natural resources management. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 138.‏ doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2018.00138
Rusca, M., Schwartz, K., Hadzovic, L., & Ahlers, R. (2015). Adapting generic models through bricolage: Elite capture of water users associations in peri-urban Lilongwe. The European Journal of Development Research, 27, 777-792.‏ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ ejdr.2014.58
Saarikoski, H., Åkerman, M., & Primmer, E. (2012). The challenge of governance in regional forest planning: an analysis of participatory forest program processes in Finland. Society & Natural Resources, 25(7), 667-682.‏ doi: 10.1080/08941920.2011.630061
Salehpour, Z., Jafari Kookhdan, A., & Alirazanjad, A. (2013). Investigation of vegetation cover changes in relation to physiographic factors of the Dena mountain range. Plant Environmental Physiology (Iranian Studies in Ecophysiology), 8(1), 28-37. https://www.sid.ir/paper/185771/ fa. (In Persian).
Satlani, N., Gharakani, S. A. H., Amiri, S., & Roshan, B. (2024). Participatory needs assessment analysis based on a governance approach rooted in community-based rural management (Case study: Chahartaq village, Bakharz County). Natural Resources Governance, 1(1), 51-68. doi: 10.22059/jnrg.2024.362440.1001. (In Persian).
Scheba, A., & Mustalahti, I. (2015). Rethinking ‘expert’knowledge in community forest management in Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 60, 7-18.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2014. 12.007
Selman, P. (2004). Community participation in the planning and management of cultural landscapes. Journal of environmental planning and management, 47(3), 365-392.‏ doi: 10.1080/0964056042000216519
Seyrimirad, M. (2016). Analysis of social capital and capacity assessment of local community for participatory forest management (Case study: Rural areas of Andimeshk in Khuzestan Province) (Master's thesis). University of Tehran. (In Persian).
Sikor, T., He, J. U. N., & Lestrelin, G. (2017). Property rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis revisited. World Development, 93, 337-349.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032
Stenseke, M. (2009). Local participation in cultural landscape maintenance: Lessons from Sweden. Land use policy, 26(2), 214-223.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.01.005
Stewart, J. M., & Sinclair, A. J. (2007). Meaningful public participation in environmental assessment: Perspectives from Canadian participants, proponents, and government. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 9(02), 161-183.‏ doi: 10.1142/S1464333207002743
Tadesse, S., Woldetsadik, M., & Senbeta, F. (2017). Forest users’ level of participation in a participatory forest management program in southwestern Ethiopia. Forest Science and Technology, 13(4), 164-173.‏ doi: 10.1080/21580103.2017.1387613
Tamassoki, E., Bahrami Jaf, S., & Tamassoki, E. (2024). Analyzing the conceptual model of environmental governance in Iran. Natural Resources Governance, 1(1), 1-13. doi: 10.22059/jnrg.2024.372377. (In Persian).
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006. Human Development Report Indicators. Available at: http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/
Walle, Y., & Nayak, D. (2022). Factors determining the participation of natural resource cooperative members in forest management: A study of dry forest area in Ethiopia. Trees, Forests and People, 8, 100241.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100241
Zabihollahi, S. (2020). Investigating the perspectives of stakeholders in the planning and policy-making of participatory forest management in the northern Zagros forests: A case study of the forests in Alameh village (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam). https://research.uok.ac.ir/~feskandari/ViewResearch.aspx?ResearcherID=110835. (In Persian).
Zamani, S. M., Zolfaghari, R., & Alvaninejad, S. (2019). Evaluation of biodiversity, life form and chorology in ecological groups of Dena conserved area forests. Forest Research and Development, 4(4), 435-447.‏ https://jfrd.urmia.ac.ir/article_120652.html. (In Persian).
Zandpasiri, M., & Ghazanfari, H. (2010). Identifying the main consequences and influencing factors on the management of local communities in the Zagros forests: A case study of the Qale Gol watershed in Lorestan Province. Iranian Journal of Forests, 2(2), 127–138. https://www.ijf-isaforestry.ir/article_4342.html. (In Persian).
Zulu, L. C. (2009). Politics of scale and community-based forest management in southern Malawi. Geoforum, 40(4), 686-699.‏ doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.05.007

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics