Assessment of Social Sustainability in the Farahzad Eco-Park Project, Tehran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Landsacepe Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.

Abstract

Assessing social sustainability—one of the core pillars of sustainable development—is essential for identifying and mitigating negative social impacts and enhancing the long-term functionality of urban spaces. Farahzad Ecopark, a landscape-oriented project located in one of Tehran’s informal settlements, exemplifies an initiative that, while environmentally focused, also demands careful attention to its social dimensions. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which social sustainability has been addressed in the development of Farahzad Ecopark. Employing a qualitative research methodology grounded in content analysis, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with local residents and users, supplemented by direct observation. The data were coded and interpreted using an intratextual analysis approach. The findings, based on five primary indicators and fourteen sub-indicators of social sustainability, reveal that although the project has enhanced visual aesthetics and improved access to public space, its performance in addressing social dimensions remains limited. Key challenges identified include weak community participation, neglect of local cultural identity, inequitable distribution of spatial and economic resources, insufficient psychological security, and unstable social vitality. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to reframe urban landscape regeneration through context-sensitive, participatory, and justice-oriented approaches—models that acknowledge local community capacities, offer replicable frameworks for similar urban contexts, and foster inclusive, sustainable environments for all societal groups.
 
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Sustainable development necessitates a holistic focus on three interrelated dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. Among these, evaluating social sustainability is crucial for identifying and mitigating adverse social impacts, as well as ensuring the long-term functionality and vitality of urban spaces. Neglecting social considerations in urban landscape projects can significantly undermine their effectiveness and overall sustainability—particularly in areas marked by social isolation. Farahzad Ecopark, situated in one of Tehran’s peripheral districts, exemplifies a landscape-oriented initiative aimed at ecological restoration and the removal of unauthorized constructions. While the project has led to notable physical and environmental transformations and has helped reduce social harm in the area, practical experience suggests that an overly narrow focus on environmental aspects during the design phase may compromise the social vibrancy of the space over time, potentially rendering it neglected or underutilized. This research, therefore, seeks to explore whether the interventions undertaken in the development of Farahzad Ecopark have adequately addressed the challenges of social sustainability and contributed meaningfully to the social revitalization of the area.
 
2-Materials and Methods
Farahzad Ecopark, one of the recent initiatives undertaken by Districts 2 and 5 of the Tehran Municipality, was developed with the dual objectives of revitalizing green spaces and mitigating social harms along the Farahzad River. Despite attracting visitors from across the city, the park’s proximity to rural settlements and long-established indigenous residents presents unique social challenges. Failure to address these issues may jeopardize the project's long-term success. This applied research adopts a qualitative methodology grounded in content analysis. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with local users and residents, as well as textual observation. The data were subsequently coded and interpreted using an intratextual analysis framework. Following a review of the concepts of social sustainability and ecoparks, relevant indicators and evaluation methods were identified. Interviews were conducted with 30 randomly selected residents. Ultimately, data from 14 participants—those who demonstrated motivation and possessed sufficient knowledge about the neighborhood and the project—reached theoretical saturation. These interviews were analyzed using a narrative analysis approach and reported in detail. Additional insights were gathered through interviews with park rangers and observations of tourist behavior. All interviews were recorded and transcribed with informed consent, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method.
 
3- Results and Discussion
Key Challenges Identified in Social Sustainability Analysis
An evaluation of five primary indicators and fourteen sub-indicators of social sustainability revealed several critical challenges:
Social Capital

Limited Local Participation: Citizen involvement in decision-making and implementation has been minimal. Some gardeners participated due to insecurity or municipal pressure, but no formal consultation occurred. This lack of engagement has led to neighboring residents’ reluctance to support park maintenance.
Fragile Social Cohesion: Although the area hosts diverse groups (residents and tourists), social cohesion remains weak. Gardeners have expressed discomfort with tourist presence, highlighting underlying social fragmentation.
Distrust in Official Institutions: While families and children feel safer in the park, guards report insecurity after 6 p.m. Some gardeners distrust municipal authorities due to past negative experiences and concerns over forced land sales.

Sense of Belonging and Identity

Identity Disruption: Long-time residents feel deeply connected to the original landscape, recalling childhood memories tied to the river, trees, and fountains. Rapid changes without public input have fostered a sense of alienation.
Neglect of Cultural and Historical Identity: The project has overlooked the neighborhood’s cultural, religious, and historical heritage, including local shrines, rituals, and tribal diversity. Identity symbols have not been integrated into the new design.
Overlooking Indigenous Features: Although the design aligns with the natural environment and uses local materials, indigenous names and peripheral elements have been excluded.

Social Justice

Spatial Inequity: Infrastructure improvements have not translated into equitable access. Narrow paths, lack of ramps, and inadequate stairs hinder access for the elderly and disabled. Facility distribution is uneven, leaving gardeners feeling marginalized.
Economic Marginalization: Gardeners have not been allowed to establish stalls for selling produce, and no income-generating initiatives have been introduced for low-income residents.

Security

Psychological Insecurity: Despite enhanced physical safety measures (e.g., removal of addicts, improved pathways, presence of guards), poor lighting, passive spatial design, and the presence of delinquents and homeless individuals contribute to a lingering sense of insecurity.

Vitality

Limited and Unstable Vitality: While user diversity exists, the lack of varied uses—such as local markets, creative entertainment, and food services—combined with activity clustering, has hindered the development of sustained vibrancy.

 
4- Conclusion
The findings indicate that the Farahzad Ecopark project has primarily emphasized physical interventions, while overlooking social and cultural dimensions—an oversight that has significantly hindered the achievement of social sustainability objectives. Social sustainability entails fostering equal opportunities, reinforcing social cohesion, preserving local identity, and cultivating a sense of belonging and security for all social groups. In the case of Farahzad Ecopark, critical shortcomings such as spatial and social injustice, the marginalization of vulnerable groups, limited community participation, and a top-down, control-oriented approach to spatial planning have emerged as major barriers to sustainable social development.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Abdollahzadeh, S.M., Arjmand, M., & Aminpour, A. (2013). Dimensions of social sustainability in the structure of traditional Iranian neighborhoods, a case study: Sang Siah neighborhood of Shiraz. Arman Shahr Architecture and Urban Planning, 10 (19), 35-54. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_50335.html (In Persian)
Abedi, J.H., Taslimi, M.S., Faghihi, A., & Sheikhzadeh, M. (2011). Theme and theme network analysis: A simple and efficient method for explaining patterns in qualitative data. Strategic Management Thought (Management Thought), 5 (2), 98 – 151. https://doi.org/10.30497/ SMT.2011.163 (In Persian)
Afsharnia, A., Zeberdast, E., & Talachian, M. (2019). Review and evaluation of urban development plans based on the spatial justice approach (case example: Farahzad organizational plan). Quarterly Journal of Urban and Regional Development Planning, 4 (9), 59-92. https://doi.org/10.22054/urdp.2021.54937.1245 (In Persian)
Allen, K.A., Kern, M.L., Rozek, C.S., McInerney, D.M., & Slavich, G.M. (2021). Belonging: A review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73 (1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883409
Argento, D., Brorstr€om, S., & Grossi, G. (2024). Translating social sustainability goals into performance measurement practices. Public Budgeting. Accounting & Financial Management, 37 (2), 175-195. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-07-2023-0118
Ashayeri, T., Jahanparvar, T., Tammoli, H., & Raghami, F. (2013). The role of social capital components in crime prevention: a meta-analysis of research from 2011 to 2019. Social Capital Management. https://doi.org/10.22059/JSCM.2022.351442.2360 (In Persian)
Behzadpour, M., Karbalaei, H.Gh.A., & Montazer, B. (2019). A comparative study of physical components of social sustainability in old and new urban neighborhoods. Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning, 7 (1), 177-196. https://doi.org/10.22061/jsaud.2019.3636.1155 (In Persian)
Bertaux, D. (1981). From the Life-History Approach to the Transformation of Sociological Practice. Sage, London, 29-45.
Buyuka˘gaccı, S.B., & Arısoy, N. (2024). Social Sustainability in Urban Parks: Insights from Alaeddin Hill Park, Konya. Sustainability, 16 (22), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229697
Chen, S., Sleipness. O., Christensen, K., Yang, B.,  Park, K.,  Knowles, R., Yang, Z., &Wang, H. (2024). Exploring associations between social interaction and urban park attributes: Design guideline for both overall and separate park quality enhancement. Cities, 145, 104714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104714
DaneshMehr, H., Karimi, A., & Mohammadi, A. (2018). Investigating the status of social sustainability in Tehran's 7th district with emphasis on strategies to strengthen it. Urban Sociology Studies, 8 (27), 175-212. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/urb/Article/1016046 (In Persian)
Das, M., Das, A., & Pereirac, P. (2023). Developing an integrated urban ecological efficiency framework for spatial ecological planning: A case on a tropical mega metropolitan area of the global south. Geoscience Frontiers, 14(1), 101489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101489
Dempsey, N., Bramley, G., Power, S., & Brown, C. (2011). The Social Dimension of Sustainable Development: Defining Urban Social Sustainability. Sustainable Development, 19 (5), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.417
Dendena, B., & Corsi, S. (2015). The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: a further step towards an integrated assessment process. Cleaner Production, 108 (A), 965-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.110
 Duden, G.S., Reiter, J., Bauer, Ch., Haslinger, C., Mroz, M., & Rohmann, A. (2024). “Knowing My Way around” – The Role of Urban Spaces for Migrant Identity Content and Sense of Belonging in Germany. Identity, 25 (1), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2024.2330909
Ghafourian, M., Afshinmehr, V., & Norouzizadeh, Z. (2017). Identifying the components of social sustainability that affect the increase of social interactions in residential complexes. City Identity, 11 (30), 31-42. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/hoviatshahr/Article/795348 (In Persian)
Ghahramanpouri, H., Lamit, U., & Sedaghatnia, S. (2013). Urban social sustainability trends in Research Literature Asian. Social Science, 9 (4), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n4p185
Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science and Medicine, 292, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
Hosseini, S.H., Aliabadi, K., & Hamidian; A. (2015). An analysis on the assessment of the quality of social sustainability in areas two and three of Sabzevar city. Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 5 (14), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.22111/GAIJ.2015.1913 (In Persian)
Jameel, S.M., & Hussien, Sh.H. (2023). Urban parks as a green enhancement of city branding: Insights from Iraq. ISVS e-journal, 10 (2), 107–122. https://isvshome.com/pdf/ISVS_10-2/ISVSej_10.2.10_Sarah.pdf
Kaveh, M., Razavian, M.T., & Sarwar, R. (2019). The role of urban regeneration in resolving land ownership conflicts from the perspective of citizens (case study: Farahzad neighborhood), Urban Management Studies, 12 (42), 25-38. https://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Article/824535 (In Persian)
Kefayati, Z., & Moztarzadeh, H. (2015). Developing Effective Social Sustainability Indicators in Architecture. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences , 4 (5), 40-56. https://bepls.com/beplsapril2015/6.pdf
Khorasani, M.S., Yazdanfar, S.A., & Hosseini, S.B. (2015). Study of quality of life indicators affecting the satisfaction level of residents of informal settlements (case study: Farahzad neighborhood, Tehran- Farahzad North), Human Geography Research, 47 (1), 117-97. https://doi.org/10.22059/JHGR.2015.51218 (In Persian)
Khoshghadam, F., & Razzaghi-Asl, S. (2016). Presenting strategies for improving environmental quality in the renovation of the dilapidated Farahzad area using the strategic analysis hierarchy process (SWOT-AHP). Urban Research and Planning, 7 (27), 37-58. https://jupm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_2138.html (In Persian)
Lami, I.M., & Mecca, B. (2020). Assessing social sustainability for achieving sustainable architecture. Sustainability, 13(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010142
Lau, L., & Chow, P. (2019). The right to landscape: Social sustainability and the conservation of the State Theatre, Hong Kong. Sustainability , 11(15), 4033. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154033
Loures, L. (2015). Post-industrial landscapes as drivers for urban redevelopment: Public versus expert perspectives towards the benefits and barriers of the reuse of post-industrial sites in urban areas. Habitat International , 45(2), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.028
MacIsaac, S., Wavrock, D., & Schellenberg, G. (2023). What holds us together? Measuring dimensions of social cohesion in Canada. Statistical Journal of the IAOS, 39 (3), 589-604. https://doi.org/10.3233/SJI-230055
Mansour, H.M., Alves, F.B., & da Costa, A.R. (2023). A Comprehensive Methodological Approach for the Assessment of Urban Identity. Sustainability, 15 (18), 13350.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813350
Mersal, A. (2017). Eco city challenge and opportunities in transferring a city in to green city. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 37, 22-33 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.010
Mofidi, Sh.S.M., & Alavizadeh, E. (2010). The evolution of the visual approach to ecological in the design of urban parks. Manzar Monthly, 2 (10), 62-60. https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_596.html (In Persian)
Mohammadi, S.M., Salamati, G.Sh., & Mohajeri, N.L. (2013). Evaluating the Social Sustainability of Housing in Informal Settlements (Case Study: Ardabil City). Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 13 (46), 115-142. https://doi.org/10.22111/GAIJ.2023.41846.3010 (In Persian)
Momenpour, A.A., & Zakir, H.K. (2018). Assessment of subjective social sustainability among citizens of the informal settlement of Hesar Imam in Hamadan city. Quarterly Scientific-Research Journal of Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13 (3), 679-696. http://jshsp.iaurasht.ac.ir (In Persian)
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(45), 117-146. https://doi.org/ 10.22054/qjsd.2021.52044.1988 (In Persian)
Yousefzadeh, B.M., & Sabaghpour, A. (2016). Study of factors affecting social sustainability and its role in designing sustainable development, Fourth National Conference on New Construction Industry Technology. Sustainable Development and Construction Technologies, Permanent Secretariat of New Construction Industry Technologies. (In Persian)
Geography and Environmental Sustainability
Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 57
December 2025
Pages 99-120

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