دانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406Explaining the Effect of Integrated Institutionalism on the Sustainable Development of the Villages in West Azerbaijan Provinceتبیین اثر نهادگرایی یکپارچه بر توسعه پایدار روستاهای استان آذربایجان غربی117199610.22126/ges.2022.7071.2464FAکامرانبابازادهدانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران.علیرضاامیرکبیریدانشیار گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایرانمیناجمشیدی ایوانکیاستادیار گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایرانمحمد رضاربیعی مندجیناستادیار گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20211123Integrated Institutionalization of Rural Development provides an effective framework for the wider interaction of worth having and being of rural institutions to implement sustainable actions in the village. This research aims to determine the effect of integrated institutionalism strategy on the dimensions of sustainable rural development. The main orientation of research is applied and quantitative research method with deductive approach of correlation descriptive type based on structural equations and survey. The analysis measure was the regional scale of the institutions development of villages in West Azerbaijan Province including the Provincial Government, the Agricultural Organization and the Housing Foundation, and the Rural Water and Sewerage Company of West Azerbaijan Province. The statistical population of the research was top and specific experts with scientific, practical and experimental backgrounds of more than five years in managerial positions and expert affairs in the institutions of region. The measurement tool is the questionnaire that convergent validity and combined reliability indicating that there is internal consistency and structural reliability. This research suggested a new institutional arrangement to improve the functioning of the rural institution. Fit indicators of structural model are desirable, so the results can be generalized to the whole statistical population. The results showed that the integrated institutionalization strategy and its fivefold have a significant positive effect on sustainable rural development. Confirming the previous models of sustainable rural development, the findings presented a new composition with new dimensions and new characteristics from the concept of integrated institutionalism, including Practice-driven, network, Governance-oriented, futuristic and value-oriented institutionalism opened to sustainable rural development. Based on an integrated institutionalism strategy, establishing close relations between the villagers and the officials in the institutions leads to exploit the village lands and improve the welfare of the villagers. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities use the research model for sustainable rural development.<br /><br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br /> In rural areas, development initiatives usually face many challenges, because professionals must create a path for development that is suitable for the location. In this process, the nature of the relationship between local communities and governments, civil society organizations, and international development agencies is essential to maintaining a favorable environment, as well as to creating a vital social system that fosters cooperation and development. In addition, with regard to various aspects of rural development, policymakers are eager to find out the extent and process of overall improvement in rural areas. Villagers can improve their efficiency and economic status by engaging in professional activities based on cooperation and collaboration. Rural problems are diverse and complex. One of the main political issues, especially after the emergence of social movements in the fight against abandonment and evacuation of rural areas, is to understand the main drivers of economic and social growth in rural areas. Thus, the development and promotion of economic opportunities and social conditions has become a major challenge for rural development. Rural areas still face constraints such as poor access to services (health, water treatment, transportation) and technology (broadband Internet) that may hamper their development and jeopardize their sustainability. Therefore, rural problems must be clearly understood and addressed with appropriate policy interventions to address them. Integrated Institutionalization of Rural Development provides an effective framework for wider interaction, value, and the presence of rural responsible institutions to implement sustainable measures in rural areas. This study was conducted to determine the effect of integrated institutionalism strategy on the dimensions of sustainable rural development.<br /> <br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />The main orientation of applied research and quantitative research method with deductive descriptive approach is correlation based on structural equations and survey. Unit of analysis; the regional scale of the institutions in charge of rural development in the region of West Azerbaijan Province included the governorate, the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Housing Foundation, and the Rural Water and Sewerage Company of West Azerbaijan Province. The statistical population of the study was top and specific experts with scientific, practical and experimental backgrounds of more than five years in managerial positions and expert affairs in the institutions in charge of rural development in the regions of West Azerbaijan province.<br />The statistical population of the study was top and specific experts with scientific, practical and experimental backgrounds of more than five years in managerial positions and expert affairs in the institutions in charge of rural development in the regions of West Azerbaijan province. The measurement tool is a questionnaire. The convergent validity and combined reliability indicate internal consistency and structural reliability. This study has proposed a new institutional outline to improve the functioning of the rural institution. Structural model fit indices are desirable, so the results can be generalized to the whole statistical population.<br /><br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results showed that the integrated institutionalization strategy and its five dimensions have a significant positive effect on sustainable rural development. This study argues that existing institutional practices are an obstacle to the effective fulfillment of organizational tasks and proposes a new institutional outline to improve the functioning of the rural institution. In addition to confirming the previous models of sustainable rural development, the findings show the effect of new dimensions of integrated institutionalism on the new components of sustainable rural development; Legal-administrative sustainability, cultural-social sustainability, ecological-physical sustainability and economic-industrial sustainability and introduced new features of the concept of integrated institutionalism including pragmatic institutionalism, network institutionalism, governance-oriented institutionalism, future institutionalism. value-oriented and institutionalism opened the door to sustainable rural development. The goodness indicators of the fit and fit of the structural model and the coefficient of influence of the variables are significant and desirable, so the results can be generalized to the whole statistical population. From the research achievements, the following implicit applications and practical suggestions for the dissemination of integrated rural institutionalism are extracted: By sharing knowledge and specialized areas of institutionalism, in order to increase the vision of rural development authorities, a cooperative network should be expanded at the regional level. In order to influence and influence the process of rural institutionalization during the development of the country, the policy of institutionalizing network structures should be institutionalized and implemented. Documenting the experiences of institutionalizing sustainability in rural areas will provide new criteria and indicators for experts to put on the agenda of rural development policies. Based on the research model, the effectiveness of the performance of rural institutions should be measured and examined providing bases and grounds for creating new institutions suitable for each rural area. Rural managers should be motivated to create knowledge and disseminate science and apply rural institutionalism.<br /><br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />While confirming the previous models of sustainable rural development, the findings presented a new composition with new dimensions and new features of the concept of integrated institutionalism, including pragmatic institutionalism, network institutionalism, governance-oriented institutionalism, futuristic institutionalism and value-oriented institutionalism opened the door to sustainable rural development. Based on an integrated institutionalist strategy, stablishing close relations between the villagers and the officials in the institutions leads to exploiting the village lands and improving the welfare of the villagers. Therefore, it is recommended that those in charge use the research model for sustainable rural development.نهادگرایی یکپارچه توسعه روستایی چارچوب مؤثر تعامل وسیعتر ارزش داشتن و بودن نهادهای متولی روستایی برای انجام اقدامات پایداری در روستا را فراهم میآورد. این پژوهش باهدف تعیین اثر راهبرد نهادگرایی یکپارچه بر ابعاد توسعه پایدار روستایی اجرا شده است. جهتگیری اصلی پژوهش کاربردی و روش پژوهش کمّی با رویکرد قیاسی از نوع توصیفی همبستگی مبتنی بر معادلات ساختاری و بهصورت پیمایشی است. واحد تحلیل؛ مقیاس منطقهای نهادهای متولی توسعه روستاهای منطقه استان آذربایجان غربی شامل استانداری، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی و بنیاد مسکن و شرکت آب و فاضلاب روستایی استان آذربایجان غربی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش کارشناسان برتر و مشخص دارای سوابق علمی و عملی و تجربی بالای پنج سال در پستهای مدیریتی و امور کارشناسی در نهادهای متولی توسعه روستایی در سطح منطقهای استان آذربایجان غربی بود. ابزار اندازهگیری پرسشنامه است که روایی همگرا و پایایی ترکیبی حاکی از سازگاری درونی و دارای پایایی سازه است. این پژوهش یک طرح کلی نهادی جدید برای بهبود کارکرد نهاد روستایی پیشنهاد کرده است. شاخصهای برازش مدل ساختاری مطلوب است، بنابراین نتایج میتواند به کل جامعه آماری تعمیم داده شود. نتایج نشان داد راهبرد نهادگرایی یکپارچه و ابعاد پنجگانه آن بر توسعه پایدار روستایی تأثیر مثبت معنیداری دارد. یافتهها ضمن تأیید مدلهای قبلی توسعه پایدار روستایی ترکیب تازهای را به همراه ابعاد جدید ارائه داد و شاخصههای تازهای از مفهوم نهادگرایی یکپارچه شامل نهادگرایی عملگرایانه، نهادگرایی شبکهای، نهادگرایی حکمرانی محور، نهادگرایی آیندهنگرانه و نهادگرایی ارزش محور در عرصه توسعه پایدار روستایی گشود. بر اساس راهبرد نهادگرایی یکپارچه؛ برقراری ارتباط تنگاتنگ اهالی روستا با مسئولین در نهادها در جهت بهرهبرداری از اراضی روستا و ارتقای رفاه روستاییان منجر میشود. ازاینرو، توصیه میشود متولیان امر از مدل پژوهش برای توسعه پایدار روستایی استفاده نمایند.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_1996_3d1095ad7620890654fb7edf1baa3b00.pdfدانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406Assessing Urban and Environmental Sustainability through Smart Urban Growth
Case Study: Julfa Cityارزیابی پایداری شهری و محیطی از طریق رشد هوشمند شهری نمونه موردی: شهر جلفا1939200110.22126/ges.2022.7208.2478FAعلیزینالی عظیمگروه معماری و شهرسازی، عضو باشگاه نخبگان و پژوهشگران جوان، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.0000-0001-5486-8452Journal Article20211201Due to the advancement of technology and facilities at the city level in recent years, large populations of people around the world have been moving towards urban life. It is estimated that by 2030, more than 60% of the world's population will have been living in an urban geographical location, so protecting the environment for sustainability in order to rapidly increase the world's urban population requires extensive knowledge of smart city initiatives. However, nowadays, city stakeholders, decision makers, planners and developers face insufficient information on the dimensions of a smart city to achieve a sustainable urban environment. The purpose of this study is to measure the acceptance of smart city as a solution to achieve urban and environmental sustainability in Julfa. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is applied in terms of purpose. The sample size is 25 IT specialists, city managers and professors of Julfa city. Cronbach's alpha and hybrid alpha were used for reliability of the questions. Structural equations were used to analyze the data using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings show that intelligent life has the strongest effect with a path coefficient of 0.659 (0.433), followed by intelligent environment 0.439 (0.193), intelligent mobility 0.346 (119/11). 0), smart government 0.273 (0.740), smart people 0.240 (0.058), and finally smart economy with a path coefficient of 0.189 (0.036). The results of the analyzed survey data also confirm that the identified dimensions of the smart city can be implemented to facilitate the acceptance of the smart city in Jolfa and can lead to improved urban and environmental sustainability in Jolfa.<br /><br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br />Achieving a Smart City in Julfa, there is a need for decision makers and planners (city developers) to make strategic decisions about how to implement the dimensions of a smart city. Therefore, there is a need to identify the dimensions of the smart city to be adopted by policy makers in the implementation of the smart city of Julfa to achieve urban and environmental sustainability. Due to the lack of a comprehensive definition of a smart city, the initiatives that exist to achieve this goal need to be explained by academics and stakeholders. By achieving the desired approach, a connection can be established between policy makers and urban planners. One of the obstacles to reach the smart city in Iran, as well as the city of Julfa, is the lack of sufficient budget. Urban intelligence is not a priority for government agencies; therefore, the work of contractors and builders is not monitored. In the relevant institutions, training on intelligence is not provided and at present most stakeholders do not have the necessary knowledge. It should be noted that some people still prefer traditional systems; Therefore, there are many obstacles to urban intelligence in Iran. Given the increasing urban population and environmental requirements, the need for urban intelligence is undeniable. This study seeks to answer the question of how urban and environmental sustainability can be achieved in Julfa by adopting smart city methods?<br /><br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />The present study is a descriptive-analytical one. The sampling method is based on non-probability sampling and purposive sampling. 25 experts with experience in smart city and sustainable urban planning and urban management (urban and information and communication technology specialists) were used to collect the data. It should be noted that for the expert-centered example, according to the researchers' findings, there are no restrictions and no specific formula and optimal limit has been set for it. designed; Therefore, survey tool questions are developed based on previous research studies on the smart city. Questions were used to confirm the dimensions of the smart city using the Likert scale with five categories of answers (1-5) in which "1" is strongly opposed and "5" is strongly agreed. Accordingly, data were collected from 45 respondents to validate the dimensions of the smart city, which were collected in the research literature. SPSS and modeling of structural least squares equations (PLS - SEM) were used to analyze. The PLS-SEM method is a variance-based method that uses path analysis of dimensions or variables in a model using Smart PLS software to analyze the data. In this study, PLS-SEM was used, because it is considered as a comprehensive statistical technology that supports simultaneous modification and evaluation of the research model that examines the correlation between dimensions. In addition, PLS-SEM is suitable for models that contain multiple hypotheses.<br /><br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br /> The present study has six hypotheses. The results show the coefficients of different paths of hypotheses prioritized as Hypothesis 6 with the strongest effect of 0.659 (0.433), Hypothesis 5 with 0.439 (0.193), Hypothesis 4 with 0.346 (0.119), Hypothesis 3 with 0.273 (0.740), Hypothesis 2 with 0.40 (0.058), and finally Hypothesis 1 with / 189 0 (0.036), respectively; Therefore, the relationship of the assumed path (Hypothesis 1 - Hypothesis 6) is statistically significant, since the value of R2 is greater than 0.1 and the p - value is less than 0.05. Findings from this study show that smart economy indicators positively determine smart city acceptance. This may be argued for by the fact that the smart economy is a city driven by entrepreneurship, innovation, labor market flexibility, and the degree to which financial competition improves. This is in line with the findings of a previous study in which researchers noted that smart economies bring about competitiveness that is not only attractive to investors, but also important for attracting citizens to maintain a key global position. Smart environment indicators positively predict smart city acceptance. This is because the smart environment includes the attractiveness of the city's natural conditions in relation to pollution reduction, sustainable use and natural resource management. In addition, it includes critical aspects of sustainability, such as increasing environmental protection, reducing the need for natural resources, and energy efficiency.<br /><br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />According to the main research question, “To what extent do the main dimensions of the smart city (economy, citizen, environment, life, mobility, government and people) positively affect the adoption of the smart city?”, the results show that smart life has a positive effect on smart city acceptance. This is in line with the findings of the theoretical foundations of the research confirming that smart life is done to improve the quality of the life of citizens by transforming residential areas, offices, transportation infrastructure and energy into smart environments. In addition, the results of the present study show that smart life increases citizens' understanding of how people use technology to create a sustainable environment. Apparently, smart life requires the integration of all elements that contribute to the happy and comfortable life of citizens by providing smart facilities and services activated by the latest technology.باتوجهبه پیشرفت فنّاوری و امکانات در سطح شهرها در سالهای اخیر، جمعیت زیادی از مردم جهان به سمت زندگی شهری در حال حرکت بودهاند. همانطور که برآورد میشود تا سال ۲۰۳۰، بیش از ۶۰ درصد از جمعیت جهان در موقعیت جغرافیایی شهری زندگی خواهند کرد، بنابراین، حفاظت از شرایط محیطی برای پایداری در راستای افزایش سریع جمعیت شهری در سراسر جهان، نیازمند دانش گستردهای از اقدامات ابتکاری شهر هوشمند است؛ اما در حال حاضر ذینفعان، تصمیمگیرندگان، برنامهریزان و توسعهدهندگان شهر با اطلاعات ناکافی موردنیاز دررابطهبا ابعاد شهر هوشمند برای دستیابی به محیط شهری پایدار مواجه هستند. هدف تحقیق حاضر، سنجش پذیرش شهر هوشمند بهعنوان راه حلی برای رسیدن به پایداری شهری و محیطی در جلفا است. روش تحقیق بهصورت توصیفی تحلیلی است و از نظر هدف، کاربردی است. حجم نمونه ۲۵ نفر از متخصصین فناوری اطلاعات و مدیران شهری و اساتید شهر جلفا است. برای پایایی سؤالات از آلفای کرونباخ و ترکیبی استفاده گردید. برای تجزیهوتحلیل اطلاعات از معادلات ساختاری با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS و Smart PLS استفاده شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که زندگی هوشمند دارای قویترین اثر با ضریب مسیر 659/0 (433/0) است و پس از آن محیط هوشمند 439/0 (193/0)، تحرک هوشمند 346/0 (119/0)، دولت هوشمند 273/0 (740/0)، مردم هوشمند 240/0 (058/0) و در نهایت اقتصاد هوشمند با ضریب مسیر 189/0 (036/0) دارای اثرگذاری هستند. همچنین نتایج حاصل از دادههای نظرسنجی تحلیل شده تابید میکند که ابعاد شناساییشده شهر هوشمند در تسهیل پذیرش شهر هوشمند در شهر جلفا قابلاجرا است و میتواند به بهبود پایداری شهری و محیطی در جلفا منجر شود.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_2001_373340ac1a03b940e72806980be8181a.pdfدانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406Responsibility for Good Governance on the Social Sustainability of Rural Households
(Case Study: Rural Areas of Kashan)مسئولیتپذیری حکمروایی خوب بر پایداری اجتماعی خانوارهای روستایی (مطالعه موردی: مناطق روستایی شهرستان کاشان)4155200210.22126/ges.2022.7385.2490FAاحمدحجاریانگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامهریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.Journal Article20220120In recent years, with the importance of the paradigm of sustainable development, the emphasis on the position of the social dimension in the field of sustainability has become doubly important. One of the basic preconditions for achieving sustainable development and one of the most basic criteria of welfare in any society is maintaining and promoting social sustainability. This study is a descriptive-survey one that studies the analysis of structural relationships of social sustainability considering four dimensions based on DFID theoretical foundations and good governance with eight dimensions of UNPD. This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and the way of collecting data. The statistical population of the study were the heads of rural households in Kashan (N = 364482) which was calculated using the Krejcie-Morgan table, the statistical sample size of 379 people. In order to obtain samples in this study, multi-stage sampling method was used. The obtained Cronbach's alpha value is 0.75 for good governance indicators and 0.72 for social sustainability indicators. SPSS software version 24 and AMOS software were applied for data analysis. Based on the results, the components of good governance and social sustainability with an average of 3.120 and 2.780 in the villages of Kashan, respectively, have been evaluated as average and lower than the desired level, respectively; it had a good fit (RMSEA = 0/022) between the components of good governance and social stability. According to the research findings, improving the indicators of legality, transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, participation, consensus, justice and accountability are effective in developing the components of social sustainability.<br /><br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br />social sustainability is mainly defined as having four main and explanatory elements, namely social justice, social cohesion, participation and security. In this sense, components such as equal opportunities, living with cooperation and cooperation, equal opportunities for all individuals to play social roles, along with livelihood security and the safety of human settlements against risks, are the basis for measuring social sustainability.<br />Today, good governance is one of the goals emphasized by many countries. These countries seek to achieve this idea through the planning of institutions and the involvement of various social actors.<br />Therefore, the new approach, the creation of local, horizontal and cross-sectoral organizations are the basic principles to achieve the goals of sustainable development and civil society, as well as the division of responsibilities between central and local governments and empowering citizens which are in contrast with central, public and sectoral administrative system; as a result, due to the complexity of the environmental situation and the behavior of various elements to achieve sustainable development, the use of the concept of good or good governance focusing on criteria such as justice, participation, etc. is proposed.<br />In the relationship between good governance and social sustainability, the introduction of categories in later issues of sustainable development emphasizes the political dimensions of the sustainability paradigm. The most important characteristics of good governance are participation and the rule of law; these are both the issues that are very closely correlated with the dimension of social stability and its characteristics.<br />Based on the above studies, Kashan rural community was selected as a sample population due to the importance of the issue and its role in social sustainability and weakness in the literature related to indicators of social sustainability and good governance in rural areas of Iran. More detailed relationships of different dimensions of governance were considered by applying good based theory (UNPD) and social sustainability based on DFID theory.<br /><br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />This research is a survey in terms of practical purpose and the way of collecting data. The statistical population of the study were the heads of rural households in Kashan city (N = 364482) which was calculated using the Krejcie-Morgan table with a statistical sample size of 379 people.<br />The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the professors of Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Isfahan. Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The table below shows the alpha factor for the measurement scales in this study. In the present study, the indicators of good rural governance include participation, legitimacy, accountability, responsibility, consensus, central justice, efficiency and effectiveness, and transparency. The indicators used in social sustainability are also sense of spatial belonging, social solidarity and cohesion, access to services and facilities (social justice) and a sense of social security.<br /><br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br />The findings reveal that the variable of good governance directly affects the variable of social stability and a significant relationship is observed among them. The path coefficient was observed between the variables of good governance and social stability (= = 0/93 and t = 12/19). A summary of the results of the structural equations of the model for measuring good governance and social sustainability is presented in Table 9. As can be seen, based on the path coefficients (standard coefficient value and standard error), it is acceptable for the structural model variables indicating the appropriate compatibility of the structural model. According to the research results, all variables had a factor load greater than 0/5 and the t value of all paths was greater than 1/69.<br />According to the reported value of fitness indicators in the table above, it can be seen that the structural equation model of the research variables has a suitable and acceptable fit; Therefore, based on the fitted model of the research, it can be said that the construction applied to examine the relationship between good governance and social sustainability shows acceptable compatibility. It can also be said that the data are consistent with the proposed model and the presented indicators indicate that in general the proposed model has the ability to explain the variables and is desirable in terms of the sum of the model fit indices.<br /><br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />One of the main components that promotes social stability is good governance. The findings of the present study show the existence of a relationship between two variables. According to the results of the present study, good governance has been effective in promoting social sustainability. In other words, the higher the level of good governance, the higher the level of social stability of individuals. The results of the research regarding the structural model of the research also indicate that according to the obtained results, it can be said that the research tool had good reliability and reliability. Also, the variable of good governance directly affects the variable of social stability and a significant relationship is observed between them. Considering the reported value of fitness indicators, it was found that the structural equation model of the research variables has a suitable and acceptable fit and the general structure of the research is approved; Therefore, based on the fitted model of the research, it can be said that the components used in the research, which were collected based on previous studies, can estimate the structural effects of good governance on social sustainability and all dimensions of social sustainability have a causal relationship with good governance. In explaining how good governance and social sustainability are related, it should be acknowledged that one of the aspects of maintaining social sustainability are social relations and good governance by creating a sense of trust, life expectancy, participation and facilitating collective action and action based on mutual trust and empathy. Helps maintain social sustainability as one of the branches of sustainable development. In addition, good governance leads to a suitable social environment and reduces feelings of powerlessness and alienation by creating a sense of trust in society. As a result, it will promote social stability.در سالهای اخیر بااهمیت یافتن الگووارۀ (پارادایم) توسعه پایدار، تاکید بر جایگاه بعد اجتماعی در حوزۀ پایداری اهمیتی دوچندان یافته است. یکی از پیششرطهای اساسی برای رسیدن به توسعه پایدار و از اساسیترین معیارهای رفاه در هر جامعه، حفظ و ارتقاء پایداری اجتماعی است که با مدیریت مناسب و حکمروایی خوب میتوان پایداری شاخصهای اجتماعی را ارتقا داد. این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی - پیمایشی است که تحلیل روابط ساختاری پایداری اجتماعی با ابعاد چهارگانه بر اساس مبانی نظری DFID و حکمروایی خوب با ابعاد هشتگانه UNPD را موردمطالعه قرار داده است. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ چگونگی جمعآوری دادهها پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش سرپرستان خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان کاشان بودند (364482=N) که با استفاده از جدول کرجسی - مورگان، حجم نمونة آماری ۳۷۹ نفر محاسبه گردید. بهمنظور دستیابی به نمونهها در این پژوهش، از روش نمونهگیری چندمرحلهای استفاده گردید. مقدار آلفای کرونباخ بهدستآمده برای شاخصهای حکمروایی خوب برابر 75/0 و برای شاخصهای پایداری اجتماعی 72/0 محاسبه شده است. است. برای تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها از بسته نرمافزاری SPSS نسخه ۲۴ و AMOS استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج حاصله مؤلفههای حکمروایی خوب و پایداری اجتماعی به ترتیب با میانگین 120/3 و 780/2 در روستاهای شهرستان کاشان به ترتیب متوسط و پایینتر از حد مطلوب ارزیابی شده است و بین مؤلفههای حکمروایی خوب با پایداری اجتماعی روابط علّی با شاخصهای مطلوبی برازش داشت (RMSEA= 0/022). بر اساس یافتههای تحقیق ارتقاء شاخصهای قانونمندی، شفافیت، مسئولیتپذیری، کارایی و اثربخشی، مشارکت، اجماع گرایی، عدالتمحوری و پاسخگویی در توسعه مؤلفههای پایداری اجتماعی اثرگذار هستند.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_2002_95a54a2056976e1160cb63116b6da336.pdfدانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406Investigating the Sustainability and Interactive Effects of Physical-chemical Properties of Erosion-sensitive Marl and Rangeland Vegetation in Arid and Semiarid Areas (Case Study: Shahrood Town)بررسی پایداری و اثرات متقابل خصوصیات فیزیکی - شیمیایی مارن حساس به فرسایش و پوشش گیاهان مرتعی در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شاهرود)5774200810.22126/ges.2022.7322.2499FAابراهیمیوسفی مبرهنبخش تحقیقات آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان سمنان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، سمنان، ایران.0000-0002-5960-4146حمیدرضاپیروانپژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20220202Marni Formations have little vegetation in most arid and semi-arid regions due to special physical and chemical properties. The establishment of coverage on them faced several limitations. To properly understand the state of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to understand the dynamic relationship between vegetation and soil. The aim of this study is to identify the established plant species and to investigate the interactive effects of physical-chemical characteristics of erosion-sensitive marl and rangeland vegetation in marl formations in three regions (Taroud Roads, Bakran and Riabad) of Shahroud city; so that after delimiting the marl lands on topographic maps and using geological maps, soil sampling was performed to determine the characteristics and to measure the vegetation canopy. Moderate erodibility in Marni formations in three areas, Taroud Roads, Bakran and Riabad, was done using BLM model. The results show that in general, the erosion status by BLM method in Bakran region with the highest percentage of vegetation is in the lower class and in the area of Taroud Roads and Riabad is in the middle class. The results of correlation between physicochemical indices of soil and vegetation showed that the canopy factor was related to soil factors including gypsum percentage (CaSo4) and clay percentage at 99% and 95% confidence levels, respectively affecting each other. Clay in marl soil of Shahroud city is one of the most important factors that play an important role in the establishment of vegetation. The important point is that in all three regions, there is an abundance and predominant species of Artemisia plain and, without a doubt, this rangeland species can be considered as the most compatible plant species in the areas covered by marl formations.<br /><br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br />Marls and their deposits are the most sensitive geological formations to erosion and destruction and a large part of the erodible areas of Iran are marl formations. Formations with lithology of marl, marlstone, tuff and evaporitic deposits are the formations whose resulting soil is usually unsuitable in terms of physicochemical properties and has low permeability. Therefore, the establishment of vegetation in such soils usually face many limitations, as a result, these formations often lack vegetation or have very poor vegetation. In addition, marl formations play a major role in the phenomenon of desertification, which is more intense in their evaporation type. Marni formations in Shahroud region are sensitive to erosion on the one hand, but on the other hand, due to the high amount of gypsum and salt in them, they cause erosion and transfer of salts downstream of the region. Considering the role of vegetation in controlling soil erosion, the present study was conducted to investigate the important properties of marl soils and identify the dominant plant species on these soils as well as the interactive effects of physicochemical characteristics and vegetation of marl zones in Shahroud.<br /><br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />To conduct this research, first, data, statistics and research records were collected. Then, using a 1: 100000 geological maps of Shahroud city, satellite images (to control the boundaries of formations and marl units), a map was prepared. Marni units became the province. In this study, the BLM method developed by the US Office of Land Management and it was used to determine the role of vegetation stabilization against erosion. This model presents the erosion status in terms of the sum of the scores of the seven factors in a surface factor scoring table. Identification of vegetation in the study area by field visits. According to the number of plots (statistically), the size of the plot (according to the largest canopy of plant species in the plant type), the composition of the vegetation of the region was determined. Observation is applied to measure the canopy cover of each plant species as well as bare soil, rocks, pebbles and litter in a random-systematic method in each type. Moreover, 3 samples were prepared from each area from a depth of 20 cm in order to study the physical and chemical properties of marl soils in the habitat of any plant. The total 9 marl soil samples were transferred to the soil and water laboratory of Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Semnan province for analysis. Changes in vegetation and physical and chemical properties in Shahroud marl analysis were done aby applying variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design and comparison of means by Duncan multi-range test method. The correlation matrix between all physicochemical parameters and vegetation was determined to determine its interactions in the three regions.<br /><br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results of interactions of soil factors (physical and chemical) and vegetation to determine the correlation in marl areas of Shahroud city has shown that the canopy factor with soil factor of soil texture components including gypsum percentage (CaSo4) at 99% confidence level and clay percentage at the 95% confidence level. In general, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between soil physicochemical properties and vegetation percentage in the studied marl areas. Considering that the most important factor in reducing soil loss and preventing erosion and stabilization of marl lands is "establishment of compatible vegetation" with them (Barkhordari et al., 1400; Soleimanpour; et al., 1400 and Asgari et al., 1401 ); The findings of this study, which were obtained according to field studies of marl lands and measurement of physicochemical status and vegetation, confirm that in order to protect and stabilize marl lands, it is necessary to undertake the reproduction and establishment of dominant species, plant, herbaceous and wheat perennial, and herbaceous and annual wheat in the study area. Considering the existence of this relationship in the three regions of Shahroud city, the results of Duncan test which show that the percentage of gypsum in Taroud road region (region 1) is not significantly different from the other two regions (Bakran and Reyabad) and plant characteristics (floristic list) and the emphasis on the fact that in addition to the issue of erosion and sediment production, marl lands are mostly low permeability and insufficient moisture for the establishment and growth of plants, it is recommended to establish and propagate Zygophyllum eurypterum rangeland species in the areas covered by marl in Reyabad region (3), since with the management and establishment of these species, in addition to soil protection, the opportunity to reproduce and preserve these valuable plant species will be provided.<br /><br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />Comparing the physicochemical properties of soil and vegetation in marl zones of the three regions of Shahroud city shows that the variables of sand, clay, alkalinity, salinity (EC), percentage of gypsum (CaSO4), percentage of lime (TNV) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and vegetation canopy has a significant difference at the level of 5% probability. As we expected from the analysis of variance of soil and vegetation characteristics, the results of Duncan method grouping showed that there is no significant difference between the groups in terms of silt percentage, but in terms of lime percentage of regions 1 and 2, there is a significant difference with region 3. It has and in terms of the percentage of gypsum, regions 3 and 1 and regions 1 and 2 are in two separate groups and the difference between them is significant; region 1 is in a common state in terms of this feature. The results of this study also show that the canopy cover in the study area is affected by the presence of soil physicochemical factor including gypsum content (CaSo4) and clay percentage. The results of the correlation between soil physicochemical indices and vegetation show that soil factor Gypsum and clay are among the factors affecting the changes of plant communities in the marl lands of the study area. Therefore, it has caused differences in the establishment of vegetation and the type of species.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> </strong>سازندهای مارنی در اغلب مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک به دلیل خصوصیات خاص فیزیکی و شیمیایی، پوشش گیاهی اندکی دارند و استقرار پوشش بر روی آنها با محدودیتهای متعددی روبهرو است. جهت درک صحیح وضعیت اکوسیستمهای مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک، شناخت رابطه پویای بین پوشش گیاهی و خاک لازم است. این تحقیق باهدف شناسایی گونههای گیاهی استقراریافته و بررسی اثرات متقابل خصوصیات فیزیکی - شیمیایی مارن حساس به فرسایش و پوشش گیاهان مرتعی در سازندهای مارنی سه منطقه (جاده طرود، بکران و ریآباد) شهرستان شاهرود انجام گرفت. بهطوریکه پس از تحدید اراضی مارنی بر روی نقشههای توپوگرافی و با استفاده از نقشههای زمینشناسی، نمونهبرداری از خاک برای تعیین خصوصیات و اندازهگیری تاج پوشش گیاهی انجام شد. میزان فرسایشپذیری متوسط در سازندهای مارنی سه منطقه جاده طرود، بکران و ریآباد با استفاده از مدل BLM صورت گرفت. نتایج بهدستآمده نشان میدهد بهطورکلی وضعیت فرسایش به روش BLM در منطقه بکران با بالاترین درصد پوشش گیاهی در طبقه کم و در منطقه جاده طرود و ریآباد در طبقه متوسط قرار میگیرد. نتایج همبستگی بین شاخصهای فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و پوشش گیاهی نشان داد عامل تاج پوشش گیاهی با عوامل خاکی شامل درصد گچ (CaSo4) و درصد رس به ترتیب در سطح اطمینان ۹۹ درصد و ۹۵ درصد ارتباط داشته و از همدیگر متأثر میشوند در ضمن گچ و رس موجود در خاک مارنی شهرستان شاهرود از مهمترین عواملی است که در میزان استقرار پوشش گیاهی نقش بسزایی ایفا میکنند. نکته مهم آن است که در هر سه منطقه، گونه فراوان و غالب درمنه دشتی بوده و بدون تردید اینگونه مرتعی را میتوان سازگارترین گونه گیاهی در نواحی تحت پوشش سازندهای مارنی در نظر گرفت.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_2008_c97e8b98a2dcdace2825cc86e250ae2c.pdfدانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406The Role of Human Capital in Climatic Drought Management, using Fitness Indicators, in the Villages of Kermanshah Districtنقش سرمایه انسانی پایدار در مدیریت خشکسالی اقلیمی با استفاده از شاخصهای برازندگی در روستاهای شهرستان کرمانشاه7588202310.22126/ges.2022.7367.2488FAرامینپیشواییگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایرانمحمدسلیقهگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.مهریاکبریگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران ایران.Journal Article20220116Having sustainable human capital leads to the adoption of strategies which make rural families resilient to risks, especially drought. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of human capital in climate drought management in rural areas of Kermanshah. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose (type of use), and the method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study, including all experts related to the subject of research in Kermanshah, is made of 120 people. The sample size was selected for 120 experts based on the total census. Data collection tools include two questionnaires of human capital and drought management. Moreover, the human capital index has sub-indicators that include (expertise, skills and knowledge). The validity of the questionnaire was formal, which was confirmed by university professors, and the total reliability of the questionnaire, based on Cronbach's alpha, was 0.84 and was proven. The collected data were analyzed based on the path analysis of structural equations. The results showed that human capital in general is effective in drought management. Among these, human capital sub-variables, which include knowledge, skills and expertise have also affected drought management, so that knowledge on drought management with an impact factor of 0/26 and a significant value of 0/002, drought management skills with an impact factor of 0/34 and a significance of 0/000, and specialization with an impact factor of 0/49 and a significance of 0/000, have affected drought management. Among these, expertise had the highest impact, while knowledge had the least impact. <br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br />One of the ways to reduce the vulnerability of rural communities to natural hazards is to make them resilient, which can be one of the basic strategies for sustainable rural management, planning and development. It is considered as one of the key components of resilience giving the effective role of human capital, since having sustainable human capital leads to the adoption of strategies that make rural families resilient to the risks, especially drought. The effect of this natural disaster has doubled and local communities have become more unstable due to the lack of benefit from outside stakeholders, the value of human capital in the face of drought in Kermanshah province, and of course, the poor ability of rural households to deal with it. Therefore, the severity of the effects of drought on local communities will vary depending on the type of management. In the case of drought crisis management, measures to identify and assist crisis areas are very costly and sudden. There are many villages in Kermanshah province, many of which have faced severe drought crises in recent years, especially from 1993 to 1997. Since these areas are highly dependent on the environment and water, adverse effects such as rural migration have reduced the area under cultivation, the number of livestock, dependence and belonging to the community, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of human capital in climate drought management in rural areas of Kermanshah.<br /><br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />The present study is applied research in terms of purpose (type of use), and the method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study, including all experts related to the subject of research in Kermanshah, is 120 people. The sample size was selected for 120 experts based on the total census. Data collection tools include two questionnaires of human capital and drought management. Human capital index has sub-indicators including expertise, skills and knowledge. The validity of the questionnaire was formal, which was confirmed by university professors, and the total reliability of the questionnaire, based on Cronbach's alpha, was 0.84 and was proven. The collected data were analyzed based on the path analysis of structural equations.<br /><br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br />The results showed that human capital in general is effective in drought management. Among these, human capital sub-variables, which include knowledge, skills and expertise have also affected drought management, so that knowledge on drought management with an impact factor of 0.26 and a significant value of 0.002, drought management skills with an impact factor of / 34. 0 and a significance of 0.000, and specialization with an impact factor of 0.49 and a significance of 0.000, have affected drought management. Among these, expertise had the most impact, and knowledge had the least impact. The importance of the effects of climatic drought on rural, natural and agricultural resources, which are the most important economic resources of the people, becomes apparent showing the continuation of this drought in the long run will cause a lot of damage, and we must think of appropriate solutions based on human capital for management. Basically, the ultimate goal of conducting studies on drought, as one of the most important unexpected events, is to prepare the community to face the severe conditions of drought, and to take preventive measures to easily overcome such crises. It is very important to inform the people about the causes and harmful effects of climate drought, as well as appropriate methods of optimal management of water consumption, and people can consciously play an effective role in reducing the vulnerability of society, and seek public participation based on human capital.<br /><br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />Sustainable rural development plans are part of any country's development plans, which are used to transform the comprehensive socio-economic structure of rural areas. However, when a drought crisis occurs, all aspects of sustainability will be affected, so that its effects will become quite apparent to the rural economy and society, and the environmental dimension will be fragile; the effects can be seen in other dimensions of sustainable development; In other words, the occurrence of drought creates social and environmental challenges for rural areas, which can be damaged by land, farms, orchards, rural environment and the problem of water shortage, increased pressure and stress on women and children, and increased crime. However, the most widespread effects of drought are the effects imposed on the agricultural sector, and the household economy of rural areas is significantly dependent on the agricultural sector. Moreover, as the economic capacity of this sector decreases, the family economy is endangered, and subsequent consequences such as unemployment, lack of income, youth migration, etc. will be widespread.<br /><strong> </strong>برخورداری از سرمایههای انسانی پایدار منجر به اتخاذ راهبرد و راهکارهایی میشود که خانواران روستایی را در برابر مخاطرات بهویژه خشکسالی تابآور میسازد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش سرمایه انسانی پایدار در مدیریت خشکسالی اقلیمی در مناطق روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه است. تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف (نوع استفاده) یک تحقیق کاربردی است و روش مورداستفاده در این تحقیق یک روش توصیفی - تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری مورد پژوهش شامل کلیه کارشناسان مرتبط با موضوع پژوهش در شهرستان کرمانشاه به تعداد ۱۲۰ نفر هستند. حجم نمونه بر اساس کل سرشماری برای کارشناسان به تعداد ۱۲۰ نفر انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری دادهها شامل دو پرسشنامه سرمایه انسانی و مدیریت خشکسالی بوده و شاخص سرمایه انسانی دارای زیر شاخصهایی هستند که شامل (تخصص، مهارت و دانش)، است. روایی پرسشنامه به شیوه صوری بوده که به تأیید اساتید دانشگاهی رسیده و پایایی کل پرسشنامه بر اساس آلفای کرونباخ به میزان 84/0 بوده و اثبات شده است. دادههای گردآوری شده بر اساس تحلیل مسیر معادلات ساختاری مورد تجزیهوتحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که بهطورکلی سرمایه انسانی در مدیریت خشکسالی تأثیر دارد. در این میان زیر متغیرهای سرمایه انسانی که مشتمل بردانش، مهارت و تخصص است نیز بر مدیریت خشکسالی تأثیر داشتهاند بهگونهای که دانش بر مدیریت خشکسالی با ضریب تأثیر 26/0 و مقدار معناداری 002/0، مهارت بر مدیریت خشکسالی با ضریب تأثیر 34/0 و میزان معناداری 000/0 و تخصص با ضریب تأثیر 49/0 و میزان معناداری 000/0 بر مدیریت خشکسالی تأثیر داشتهاند. در این میان تخصص دارای بیشترین تأثیر و دانش دارای کمترین تأثیر بوده است.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_2023_d342ae1ecf18ac417f70dce099bcc90b.pdfدانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406Revealing Land Subsidence in Heris Plain Using Radar Images and SBAS, PSI Methodآشکارسازی فرونشست زمین جهت پایداری دشت هریس با استفاده از تصاویر راداری و روشهای SBAS و PSI89103202210.22126/ges.2022.6909.2446FAاسدالهحجازیگروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامهریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.محمدحسینرضائی مقدمگروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامهریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0000-0003-2626-4656خلیلولیزاده کامرانگروه سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور، دانشکده برنامهریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران0000-0003-4648-842Xنداموسوی کجابادگروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامهریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایرانJournal Article20211113Landslides are one of the most important environmental hazards to be considered in the Harris Plain area<strong>.</strong> The phenomenon of subsidence in recent decades has created many problems for agricultural lands, residential areas, roads and water supply canals in some parts of the country. In order to analyze the time series of surface displacement, a short baseline algorithm called SBAS was used. Subsidence time series analysis was performed using 6 interferograms calculated from 21 radar images of Sentinel1 satellite over a period of 4 years (2016-2019). It is an optimal attenuation factor that reduces atmospheric noise, phase recovery error, and orbital effects; in other words, it reduced atmospheric effects using the atmospheric model to optimally maintain nonlinear signals. The results of the time series analysis showed that the region is continuously subsiding. PSI method was also applied to estimate subsidence and compare it with SBAS method, which showed the superiority of SBAS method with PSI method in this study. In this research, using land radar images of Sentinel 1 and also images of Sentinel 2, the land subsidence in Harris plain has been estimated. The land uses in the plain were extracted from Sentinel 2 images and adapted to the results of radar images to investigate the relationship between land subsidence and each of the land uses in the Harris Plain. The results of two methods of estimating land subsidence showed the amount of land displacement (0 to 15) cm per year. The results of depth analysis of piezometric wells also show a strong relationship between subsidence and the depth of water wells in the region.<br /><br /><strong> </strong><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong> </strong><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br />Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors. Geological and groundwater factors are also very effective in creating subsidence phenomenon due to improper groundwater abstraction. In recent decades, various methods for producing landslide maps have been proposed by researchers, including PSI and SBAS. The PSI method has a variety of techniques for processing radar images, the two most important of which are PSinsar and SqueeSAR, which are used to analyze ground deformation. In the SBAS time series method, only pairs of images are used in which vertical component of the baseline is less than the critical value of the baseline. Their timeline is at the same time minimal. Due to the fact that the radar interference method is one of the most powerful tools for monitoring the subsidence phenomenon, this method is able to determine the changes in the earth's surface in that time period by comparing the phases of two radar images taken from one area but at two different times. The first step in subsidence monitoring is to measure the amount of displacement caused by it at ground level. The main issue in this paper is to measure the amount of subsidence-induced displacement in the Harris Plain area. The main purpose of this study is to use radar interferometry method to determine the amount of subsidence of Harris plain in a period of 4 years. In this research, it has been tried with new methods to estimate the amount of subsidence, its amount in Heris plain and compared with geological and land use factors as an example of environmental and human factors.<br /><br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />The basis of measuring ground surface changes is the use of duplicate radar images. An image captured from one area at a given time is combined with an image captured at the same time by the same radar sensor. This radar satellite, which uses synthetic aperture radar sensors, is capable of imaging in any weather conditions. In the present study, a permanent dispersion method was used to estimate land subsidence. Coregistration is one of the most basic steps in image interference processing at this stage; two or more images should be used. The SBAS method is known as the time series analysis method of radar images to estimate land subsidence. In this regard, a network is created from interferometers, which uses the least squares method to estimate the amount of pixel displacement. The Permanent Scattering Method (PSI) is the degree of correlation of radar signals dependent on the distribution of scattered structures within a pixel. The purpose of the permanent scatter method is to identify pixels in the image, hereinafter referred to as PSIs that remain consistent in the time it takes to obtain the data used. The coherence of these pixels is suitable even for interference graphs with a base length greater than the critical value.<br /><br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br />Evaluation and estimation of subsidence obtained from Sentinel-1 images and PSI method show that land subsidence has increased during the study period 2016-2019, so that the central part of the plain had the highest rate of subsidence and the eastern part had the lowest rate of subsidence. Then the average subsidence rate in this time was calculated. The maximum amount of subsidence in this period is about 16 cm per year by PSI method and about 10 cm by SBAS method, which is related to rangelands, and the lowest subsidence is related to residential areas. In addition, increasing the amount of groundwater extraction causes subsidence in the region, so the relationship between the depth of wells in the region and the amount of subsidence in that area can be a good indicator to assess the accuracy of operations. Regression correlation analysis between these two factors showed a positive correlation of 87% between them; the implication is that any place that has a lot of subsidence in that place has also deeper piezometric wells. This finding confirms the hypothesis of this research that there is a direct and strong relationship between subsidence and groundwater abstraction. In order to study the subsidence of the study area, SBAS and PSI methods were used and 21 Sentinel images were applied in the period (2016 to 2019) and the depth of level wells was shown, which shows the study area despite seasonal fluctuations. It has a downward trend, which is presented in millimeters. Finally, the time series obtained from SBAS and PSI methods were compared with each other. It was found that SBAS method has more ability to show subsidence in the region due to less standard deviation. The results of the time series showed that most of the subsidence is related to pastures due to excessive use of groundwater. After pastures, agriculture is the second priority and residential areas have less subsidence than other areas. The reason can be attributed to the feeding of the Harris Plain aquifer during this period due to rainfall.<br /><br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />In this study, the capability of SBAS and PSI interferometry time series analysis method in determining the rate and pattern of subsidence affected in Harris plain has been illustrated. Harris Plain has subsided due to over-extraction of groundwater. To calculate the subsidence time series using SBAS method, 21 Sentinel 1 radar images were used in the time interval (2016-2019) on which SBAS time series and PSI were processed. In addition, to validate the methods from the depth of the well surface Area piezometer was used. The high standard deviation of PSI method, which indicates the dispersion of results and its high non-compliance with changes in well water table level compared to SBAS method, has less standard deviation than the previous method and has more compliance or correlation with well water change showing that the SBAS method is more valid in this region than the PSI method. The results of classifying the base object by the nearest neighbor method showed that Sentinel 2 images with a total accuracy of 89% and a kappa coefficient of 0.86 have a good performance for producing land use maps. At the same time, the SBAS method provides a wide and continuous coverage of the area, which makes it possible to determine the area under the subsidence affected. Moreover, a comparison between the extent and pattern of subsidence occurred in this area, resulting from radar interferometry technique. The location and density of groundwater abstraction wells in this plain show that subsidence has occurred in the same areas where the density of these wells is high.<br /><strong> </strong>از جمله مخاطرات محیطی بسیار مهم که در منطقه دشت هریس باید موردتوجه قرار بگیرد فرونشست است. پدیده فرونشست در دهههای اخیر مشکلات زیادی را برای زمینهای کشاورزی، مناطق مسکونی، جادهها و کانالهای آبرسانی در برخی مناطق کشور به وجود آورده است. بهمنظور تحلیل سری زمانی جابهجایی سطح زمین، الگوریتم خط مبنای کوتاه موسوم به SBAS به کار گرفته شد. تحلیل سری زمانی فرونشست، با استفاده از ۶ تداخل نگاشت (اینترفروگرام) محاسبه شده از ۲۱ تصویر راداری ماهواره Sentinel1 در بازه زمانی 4 سال (2016-2019) انجام شد. یک عامل نرمکنندگی بهینه که نوفه ناشی از اتمسفر، خطای بازیابی فاز و اثرات مداری را کاهش میدهد و یا بهعبارتدیگر با استفاده از مدل اتمسفری تأثیرات این عامل کاهش یافت تا سیگنالهای غیرخطی بهصورت بهینه حفظ شوند. نتایج تحلیل سری زمانی نشان داد که منطقه به طور پیوسته در حال فرونشست است. همچنین از روش PSI نیز برای برآورد فرونشست و مقایسه آن با روش SBAS استفاده گردید که نتایج نشاندهنده برتری روش SBAS به روش PSI در این تحقیق بود. در این تحقیق با استفاده از تصاویر راداری سنتینل 1 و همچنین تصاویر سنتینل 2 اقدام به برآورد فرونشست زمین در دشت هریس شده است. کاربریهای موجود در دشت را از تصاویر سنتنیل 2 استخراج شده و با نتایج حاصل از تصاویر راداری انطباق داده شده تا ارتباط فرونشست زمین با هریک از کاربریهای موجود در دشت هریس بررسی شود. نتایج حاصل از اجرای دو روش برآورد فرونشست زمین میزان جابهجایی سطح زمین را (۰ تا ۱۵) سانتیمتر در سال نشان داد. نتایج بررسی عمق چاههای پیزومتری نیز ارتباط قوی بین فرونشست و عمق چاههای آب منطقه را نشان میدهد.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_2022_e8dc6bfe8a9f404d4a1e0297c0bcdced.pdfدانشگاه رازیجغرافیا و پایداری محیط2322-319712120220406The Role of Sericulture in Improving the Sustainable Livelihood of Rural Households in
Ramyan Countyنقش فعالیت نوغانداری بر بهبود معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان رامیان105120202510.22126/ges.2022.7388.2491FAبهمنصحنهگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران0000-0001-9421-8243حسینسادینگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایرانفاطمهجاهدیگروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایرانJournal Article20220121The activity of Sericulture and its ability to develop this industry, its roots in Persian culture and civilization, and the need to maintain and continue it by relying on the development of new silkworm breeding techniques to improve the living conditions of rural residents are of great importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Sericulture activities on improving the sustainable livelihoods of rural households in Ramyan County. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been validated by experts and professors. 103 households involved in Ramyan Sericulture activity make up this study's statistical population. To determine the reliability of the research variables, Cronbach's alpha coefficients in the range of 0.7 to 0.83 were determined. The data were analyzed using the sum of the mean scores, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, Friedman statistical tests, and Chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficients with SPSS software. The map was generated using ArcGIS software. At 99% confidence level, Sericulture activities improve the sustainable livelihood capital of rural households, and employment in Sericulture businesses has significant effects on economic, social, physical, human, and natural capital. The share of human capital with an average rating of 3.17 is higher than that of other capitals. In addition, the change in subsistence capital ranges from 3.10 to 3.17, with an average of 3.13. In light of this, it can be concluded that the development of Sericulture activity is dependent on the changes that occur in subsistence capital. Sericulture is a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and textile industry. In order for the sericulture industry to be successful, the stakeholders of the silk value chain must have access to experienced and skilled manpower. The development and expansion of nomadic activity can be said to improve the sustainable livelihood of rural families and the sustainability of the population in rural areas by creating rural employment, particularly for women, enhancing rural green spaces and supporting the environment.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>1-Introduction</strong><br />The activity of Sericulture and its ability to develop this industry, its roots in Persian culture and civilization, as well as the need to maintain and continue it by relying on the development of new silkworm breeding techniques to improve the living conditions of rural residents are of great importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Sericulture activities on improving the sustainable livelihoods of rural households in Ramyan County.<br /> <br /><strong>2-Materials and Methods</strong><br />The research is applied both in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method, which uses documentary data and field data. The researcher developed a questionnaire after identifying the explanatory items of subsistence capital. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed in the first step with the help of 20 professors from Golestan universities and specialists in business administration, government, marketing, economics, and rural development, and its reliability was determined with Cronbach's alpha. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83 was obtained for subsistence capital (economic 0.83, social 0.81, physical 0.72, human 0.78, and natural 0.70). 103 breeding industry activists completed the questionnaires after the research process. The samples were selected based on the size of the sample population as a whole. To analyze the data, the sum of mean scores, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Friedman statistical tests, one-way Chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficients were applied in SPSS software to examine the effect of variables and determine correlations among variables.<br /> <br /><strong>3- Results and Discussion</strong><br />In terms of the variables studied, improving household nutrition, empowering women, increasing family cohesion, upgrading environmental attractions, and establishing educational workshops were the highest mean values. According to the survey, the lowest mean was attributable to the poor relationship with government institutions and universities, low savings, dissatisfaction with the medical and educational system of the village, and low satisfaction with the housing system. The highest averages are found in the experience of people engaged in sericulture businesses, their degree of adaptation to the potentials of the region, the implementation of educational and informational programs, and market demand for these activities. More efforts should be put into promoting this activity due to the potential of the region, including a suitable climate and abundant mulberry trees, and the experience of rural activists, especially women, as well as its adaptation to the conditions of the region and high demand for its products. There are a number of challenges in this profession, including the lack of consultants in the field of sericulture business, the lack of intangible and tangible incentives, the unfavorable state of product packaging, and a lack of modern infrastructure in the area. In this regard, activists need to have greater access to consultants who are knowledgeable in the field of sericulture. The presence of professional consultants is extremely important in the value chain of this product with material and immaterial incentives from the responsible institutions, it made great strides towards the prosperity of this profession. It is important to motivate the proper package of products in this business, and its supply in international markets has generated a lot of motivation. This prepared the ground for the use of international consultants to market this profession's products boosting communication and sending infrastructure, on the other hand, should enable these products to be advertised more easily. With the support of the public and private sectors and with the cooperation of the research sectors of universities, the development of innovation can compete with other nations Consequently, in this regard, one can say that the country's economy faces a special situation such as the reduction of the role of the government in economic affairs, high growth of the private sector, and the unjustified sanctions against Iran, particularly in its economic dimension, which has caused high inflation By reducing inflation and restoring reasonable growth, the agricultural sector, and especially the sericulture industry, are able to supply raw materials, manpower, and capital to other sectors. As a by-product and complementary to the main agricultural occupations in each area, the production of silk products in the country, by providing economic incentives and using part of the rural labor force, provide a relatively suitable source of income for rural households throughout the year. It is expected that in the short term, along with the development of technology and industrialization of this activity and its proper expansion in accordance with the climatic conditions of different regions, it will be possible to exploit it and gain more benefits as a means of reducing the effects of sanctions and meeting the country's foreign exchange needs. As a tool for alleviating poverty, silk is considered effective. Comparing similar rural occupations, agriculture has the highest labor force participation rate. All members of the family have job opportunities in industry, especially women and the elderly. Family benefit from family work being turned into income due to its unique nature; thus, this job can provide a significant income to families, helping several poor families in rural areas.<br /> <br /><strong>4- Conclusion</strong><br />At 99% confidence level, Sericulture activities improve the sustainable livelihood capital of rural households, and employment in Sericulture businesses has significant effects on economic, social, physical, human, and natural capital. Sericulture is a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and textile industry. In order for the sericulture industry to be successful, the stakeholders of the silk value chain must have access to experienced and skilled manpower. Developing and expanding the Sericulture industry will improve sustainable livelihoods of rural households and increase persistence for the rural population in rural areas by strengthening the value chain of the product, as well as creating rural employment, particularly for women, in developing rural green spaces.<br /><strong> </strong>فعالیت نوغانداری و قابلیت توسعه این صنعت، ریشهدار بودن آن در فرهنگ و تمدن ایرانی و لزوم حفظ و تداوم آن باتکیهبر توسعه تکنیکهای نوین جهت پرورش کرم ابریشم جهت بهبود معیشت ساکنان نواحی روستایی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. هدف این تحقیق بررسی نقش فعالیت نوغانداری بر بهبود معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان رامیان هست. این مطالعه از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی - تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را 103 خانوار شاغل در فعالیت نوغانداری شهرستان رامیان تشکیل میدهند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، پرسشنامهای محقق ساخته است که روایی آن توسط اساتید و خبرگان مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. همچنین ضریب آلفای کرونباخ جهت تعیین پایایی برای متغیرهای تحقیق در دامنهای 7/0 تا 83/0 به دست آمد. بهمنظور تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها از مجموع نمرات میانگین، انحراف معیار، ضریب تغییرات، آزمونهای آماری فریدمن، کای اسکوئر و ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن در محیط نرمافزاری SPSS و برای تولید نقشه از نرمافزار ArcGIS بهره گرفته شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین فعالیت نوغانداری با بهبود سرمایههای معیشتی پایدار خانوارهای روستایی در سطح اطمینان 99 درصد رابطه معناداری وجود دارد و اشتغال در این نوع کسبوکار بر سرمایههای اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فیزیکی، انسانی و طبیعی تأثیر معناداری داشته که سهم سرمایه انسانی با میانگین رتبهای 17/3 بیشتر از سایر سرمایههاست. همچنین دامنه تغییرات مربوط به سرمایههای معیشتی بین 10/3 تا 17/3 با میانگین عددی 13/3 بهدستآمده است. برایناساس میتوان استنباط نمود که توسعه و گسترش فعالیت نوغانداری به تغییرات جزئی که در سرمایههای معیشتی اتفاق میافتد بستگی دارد. نوغانداری ترکیبی از کشاورزی، دامپروری و صنعت نساجی است که موفقیت صنعت نوغانداری تا حد زیادی به دردسترسبودن نیروی انسانی مجرب و ماهر بستگی داشته است. میتوان بیان نمود توسعه و گسترش فعالیت نوغانداری با ایجاد اشتغال روستایی بهخصوص برای زنان، توسعه فضاهای سبز روستایی و حمایت از محیطزیست روستا، باعث بهبود معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی و ماندگاری جمعیت در نواحی روستایی میگردد.https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_2025_346b0126cce4bdc2383e51471a954957.pdf