per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
1
13
490
Research Paper
منشأیابی ریزگردها با استفاده از تصاویر سنجندة AVHRR ماهوارة NOAA (مطالعة موردی: جنوب غرب ایران)
Provenance-Finding of Dust Storms Using AVHRR Sensor Images of NOAA Satellite (Case Study: Southwest of Iran)
محمدحسین رضائی مقدم
rezmogh@yahoo.com
1
مجتبی مهدیان بروجنی
mahdian99@gmail.com
2
استاد ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
کارشناس ارشد سنجش از دور و سیستم اطّلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
طوفان ریزگرد یکی از مهمترین چالشهای منطقه غرب آسیا محسوب میشود که در دهههای اخیر به دلایل متعدّد از جمله خشکسالی، شدّت بیشتری یافتهاند. این طوفانها حجم عظیمی از ذرات خاک را جابهجا کرده و باعث آسیبهای شدید اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سلامت میشوند. نتایج تحقیقات نشان میدهد که طوفانهای ریزگرد میتوانند از مهمترین مخاطرات اقلیمی کشور محسوب شوند. شناسایی منابع و کانونهای برداشت ریزگردهای واقع در مرزهای جنوب غرب کشور، هدف اصلی این پژوهش را دربر میگیرد. بدین منظور، با بهره گرفتن از تصاویر سنجندة AVHRR ماهواره نوآ اقدام به شناسایی مناطق منشأ تولید ریزگردها گردیده است. در این راستا با استفاده از دادههای هواشناسی سطح زمین که مربوط به کدهای پدیدة ریزگردها هستند، 24 تصویر AVHRR از بین کلّیّة تصاویر تهیّهشده انتخاب گردیدند و با استفاده از الگوریتمهای معروف آشکارسازی ریزگردها شامل اختلاف دمای روشنایی در باندهای مادون قرمز حرارتی و همچنین ترکیب رنگ کاذب، اقدام به آشکارسازی ریزگردها گردید. از تصاویر بارزسازیشده در مجموع 62 نقطة منشأ در جنوب غرب کشور استخراج گردید که با استفاده از توزیع تراکم نقاط به دست آمده در محیط GIS، سه منطقة مکرّر در تولید ریزگردها در جنوب غرب کشور معرّفی گردید که شامل غرب ایلام و مرز این استان با عراق، تلاقی مرزهای جنوبی ایلام، شمال خوزستان و عراق و نواحی اطراف تالاب هورالعظیم میشوند.
Abstract
Dust storm is considered as one of the most important challenges in the west of Asia which has been intensified in recent decades due to various reasons like drought. These storms move a huge amount of soil particles causing severe economic, social and health damages. Different research findings show that dust storm can be considered as the most important climatic hazards in Iran.The present study aims at recognizing dust sources and its removal centers located in the southwest of Iran's borders. Using coded meteorological data, 24 AVHRR images were selected from all images. Moreover, the particles were detected by using the well–known algorithm of dust detection including brightness temperature difference in the thermal infrared bands and false-color combination. Totally, 62 original points were recognized in the southwest of the country, although 3 effective regions in production of dust were introduced by using the obtained density distribution in GIS including the west of Ilam and its bordering with Iraq, the confluence of the southern border of Ilam, north of Khuzestan and Iraq and the regions around HoorAlazim pond.
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Dust storm is considered as one of the most important challenges in the west of Asia which has been intensified in recent decades due to various reasons like drought. These storms move a huge amount of soil particles causing severe economic, social and health damages. Iran, located in West Asia, is frequently exposed to dust storms due to being on arid and semi-arid belt. Studies have shown that for many years, storms have occurring in the west and southwest of Iran and neighboring countries. Moreover, in some cases, these storms have moved dust and sand of prone areas with themselves. However, the storms and the concentration of transported material have not been as sever as the recent years.The occurrence of these storms in the past few years have violated the common life of people in the.However, the prevention of this phenomenon is inevitable because of its scope; its adverse effects can be reduced by studying temporal – spatial accumulation of dust. Moreover, we can both do management practices and take effective steps to eliminate or at least reduce the severity of this phenomenon and prevent its development by tracking produced dust and identification of its origin at local and regional scale. The present study aims at identifying the origin and dust removal centers located in the southwest of Iran's borders.
2- Materials and Methods
In this study, investigating the dust of the southwest of Iran, AVHRR sensor of NOAA satellite have been used to identify the origins of dust storms. In this regards, using coded data of synoptic weather stations that represent different dusty days per hour, 24 AVHRR imagery were prepared. Pre-processing stages including geometric and radiometric correction were done on the images to prepare them. After preparing the images, in the processing stage, the particles were identified by applying the dust detection algorithms including brightness temperature differences in the thermal infrared bands (band 4&5 AVHRR sensor) and false color combination (R: 1 G: 2 B4).
3- Results and Discussion
Detecting the images, a total of 62 origin points were extracted in the southwest of the country which were transferred to the GIS environment. Using the functions of density distribution, three regions with the highest density in the accumulation of dust are introduced as three important areas in the southwest of the country producing dust. The particles are more affected by the northwest winds and the diffusion of pollution to the southeast.
The first area is located in the southwest of Ilam province and bordering of this province with Iraq, which has the highest number of points allocated in terms of density. The dust formed in this area, often does not enter the country affecting the neighboring country. The second area is located in the southern border of Ilam province, the northern border of Khuzestan Province and the crossing with Iraq and around it whose dust enters the northwest of Khuzestan and sometimes goes to the center. The third area is located in the west of Khuzestan, bordering of Iraq and the lowlands next to Hooralazim pond. Although the density of origin points and the repetition of dust pollution is much are a lot, is different from the other two previous area in terms of dust volume. Dust pollution of this area drawn to the south of Khuzestan.
4- Conclusion
In general, using 24 AVHRR images and the use of detection techniques, a total 62 points were identified as the source of dust production. Citing the total accumulation of these points, three regions were found as the dust producer in the southwest of Iran.
The findings of this study are in accordance with the previous studies and other satellites such as MODIS images that have been conducted in the southwest of the country, in which the same regions are recognized as the source of sand production. Studying the identified areas producing dust in terms of environmental conditions shows that existence of sensitive geological and soil conditions to erosion and low vegetation as the soil protector heavily accelerate their potential in dust production.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_490_a2e9de71a552bc4911eb568ca1a4368e.pdf
ریزگرد
سنجش از دور
بارزسازی
جنوب غرب ایران
AVHRR
Dust Storm
Remote Sensing
Enhancement
Southwest of Iran
AVHRR
per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
15
33
491
Research Paper
بررسی عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت روستاییان در روند تهیّه و تصویب و اجرای طرح هادی روستایی (مطالعة موردی: شهرستان دشتستان)
On the Study of Effective Factors on the Participation of Villagers in the Process of Preparation, Adoption and Implementation of the Rural Conduct Plans (Case Study: Dashtestan County)
علی اکبر عنابستانی
anabestani@um.ac.ir
1
مهدی جوانشیری
dr.anabestani@yahoo.com
2
مهدیه موسوی
dr.anabestani@gmail.com
3
دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران
دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران
کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران
مشارکت یکی از مهمترین ارکان توفیق طرحهای توسعة روستایی از جمله طرح هادی محسوب میشود و از آنجا که مشارکت فرآیندی نیست که بتوان آن را از بیرون تعیین کرد و باید آن را از طریق کنش و بازبینی جمعی و منظّم مردم به وجود آورد، هدف تحقیق، بررسی عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت روستاییان در فرآیند تهیّة طرحهای هادی در سکونتگاههای روستایی مورد مطالعه انجام شده است.در تحقیق حاضر، با استفاده از کارهای صورتگرفته در دانشگاهها، مؤسّسات و مجلاّت علمی و پایگاههای علمی مختلف، اطّلاعات مورد نیاز در زمینة عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت روستاییان در اجرای طرح هادی روستایی به دست آمده است و در مطالعات میدانی نیز اطّلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق پرسشگری و مشاهده حاصل شد. جامعة آماری، 12 سکونتگاه روستایی شهرستان دشتستان که در آنها مشارکت روستاییان در فرآیند اجرای طرح چشمگیر بوده است میباشد. در سطح روستاها، حجم نمونة خانوارهای مورد پرسشگری بر اساس فرمول کوکران 257 خانوار بوده که 136 خانوار در طرح هادی مشارکت کردهاند و 121 خانوار در طرح هادی مشارکت نکردهاند؛ همچنین 28 نفر از مسئولین روستایی (دهیار و اعضای شورای اسلامی) نیز مورد پرسش قرار گرفتهاند تا نتایج قابل مقایسه باشد. یافته نشان میدهد کهمیزان مشارکت روستاییان در تهیّه و تصویب و اجرای طرح در حدّ متوسّط است. در بررسی عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت نیز عوامل فردی با میانگین 67/3 مؤثّرترین عامل در مشارکت و عوامل اقتصادی با میانگین 01/4 مؤثّرترین عامل در عدم مشارکت روستاییان است؛ بنابراین، آگاهی روستاییان میتواند زمینهساز افزایش مشارکت و سطح توانمندی اقتصادی روستاییان به عنوان مانعی برای مشارکت آنان محسوب گردد. در تحلیل فضایی عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت، روستاهای نظرآقا و رود فاریاب به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین مقدار را دارا بودهاند. در کل عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت، 6/34 % درصد از تغییرات مربوط به میزان مشارکت روستاییان را تبین میکند.
Abstract
Participation is considered as one the most important elements of successful implementation of rural development projects, including rural conduct plans. Since participation is not a process that could be imposed from the outside, it should be created through collective action and regular revision of popular ideas. The present study aims at investigating the factors affecting the participation of rural people in the preparation process of the rural conduct plans in rural settlements. In the present study, using the previous studies of universities, institutes and scientific journals, and scientific databases, the primary information about the factors influencing participation of villagers in the implementation of the rural guidance plan have been achieved. Moreover, required information was also obtained through questionnaires and observation in the field studies. The population included 12 rural settlements in Dashtestan County in which the participation of villagers in the implementation process of rural conduct plans has been remarkably significant. Based on Cochran formula, the sample size of the households which were interviewed included 257 households in which 136 households had participated in the rural conduct plans and 121 households had declined to participate in the plans. In addition, 28 people from the rural authorities (rural administrators known as Dehyar and members of the Islamic council) were also interviewed, so that we can compare the results. The findings show that, based on single sample t-test, the participation of the villagers in the preparation, adoption and implementation of the rural conduct plans was moderate. The review of the factors affecting the participation of rural people revealed that individual factors had the highest mean (3.67) in the level of participation, and the economic factors had the highest mean (4.01) in non-participation of the villagers. The villages of Nazar-aqa and Faryab had the highest and the lowest mean for the factors that can affect the level of participation respectively. In general, the factors influencing the participation explains 34.6% of changes in participation level of the villagers.
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Recently concept of local participation has become a global concern for theorists and planners of rural development. Therefore, rural participation in decision-making and planning (identification of needs, prioritization of needs and decision-making), implementation, maintenance and evaluation are essential to achieve the goals of rural guide plans and other development projects in villages. Furthermore, both the role of the project implementation in relieving the needs of villagers and the role of villagers in recognizing the project determine the relationship and effect of rural participation in the process of project implementation. The present study, aiming at investigating the effective factors on the participation of villagers in the process of preparation, approval and implementation of rural guide plans, tends to explore the effective individual, social - cultural, organizational-legal and economic factors on rural participation in the process of conducting projects in rural settlements. In fact, the findings can be applied as a base for further investigation and planning in rural areas, especially in the study area, Dashtestan County.
2- Materials and Methods
This present study is a kind of applied one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method.A part of the data are gathered through field studies and questionnaires while the other part, like conceptual-theoretical framework and census documents, through library method. The population included 12 rural settlements in Dashtestan County in which the participation of the villagers in the implementation process of rural conduct plans has been remarkably significant. Based on Cochran formula, the sample size of the households interviewed included 257 households of which 136 households had participated in the rural conduct plans and 121 households that had declined to participate in the plans. Besides, the samples were selected randomly. When the data were collected and processed in software environments like SPSS, ArcGIS, the studying case was determined. The main question of the present study is, what factors do affect the participation of villagers in the process of preparation, approval and implementation of the projects? It is hypothesized that "individual, socio-cultural, organizational-legal and economic factors have a remarkable influence on rural participation in the preparation, approval and implementation of rural guide plans."
3- Results and Discussion
To investigate the role of rural participation in the implementation process of rural guide plan in Dashtestan County, 257 samples were studied including 70/6 male participants. Besides, more than 90 percent of the respondents have been living in the rural areas for more than 10 years. It turns out that there is a direct and inverse relationship among the individual characteristics, education level and the age of the villagers with their participation in the project implementation process respectively. Conducted in two groups of villagers, the effective factors on the villager participation in rural guide plans in 4 dimensions (personal, social-cultural, economic and organizational-legal) were investigated which revealed that in individual dimension a sense of belonging to the village index (mean 4.14), in the social-Cultural dimension the index of medial influence to share participation by advertising (mean 3.14), in the economic dimension the index of utilization of facilities and funds for participation (average 2.49) and in the legal organizational the index of authorities request, the Council and the Dehyar request (respectively with the mean 3.38 and 3.29) had more impact on of rural participation of the villagers in the process of guide plan.
Moreover, 4 dimensions (preparation, approval, implementation, monitoring and maintenance) were studied to investigate the rural participation in the preparation and implementation of Guide Plan. It turns out that the level of the rural participation was generally average, although the plan implementation dimension has had the highest average, revealing more rural participation in this phase of the project. In general, the villages Bushkan and Roodfariyab had the highest and lowest rate of participation respectively.
4- Conclusion
According to the findings of the present study on factors influencing participation, the individual dimension with an average (67/3) has the greatest impact on rural participation and the economy dimension has the greatest impact on of disaffiliation rural of people. Moreover, in the following the individual dimension indicators (a sense of belonging to the village) the most important factor in rural participation in the project of Rural Guide Plan. Besides, the economic dimension index (fear of having a financial loss in the event of participation in the program guide) became known as an important factor in the disaffiliation of rural people. Among the villages, Nazaragha and Roodfariyab have the highest and lowest average on the factors influencing their participation.
Finally, Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression are used to check the research hypothesis. According to the findings of Pearson correlation, there is a significant relationship between the level of participation and these two dimensions. In general, there is a significant relationship between the level of partnership and factors affecting the participation, as factors influencing participation explains 34.6% of changes in participation level of the villagers, that accordingly the research hypothesis has been confirmed.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_491_ec8d3c2a510efd4a877e8b5461933bb9.pdf
عوامل مؤثّر بر مشارکت
طرح هادی روستایی
عوامل فردی
عوامل اجتماعی - فرهنگی
شهرستان دشتستان
Effective Factors on Participation
rural conduct plans
individual factors
socio-cultural factors
Dashtestan County
per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
35
47
492
Research Paper
تحلیل و اولویّت بندی پایداری اجتماعی محیط های روستایی (مطالعة موردی: دهستان قلعه بیابان شهرستان داراب)
The Analysis and Prioritization of Social Sustainability of Rural Environments (Case Study: Ghal’eh Biaban District Darab Sub-Province)
سعیدرضا اکبریان رونیزی
sr_akbarian@yahoo.com
1
رعنا شیخ بیگلو
r_shaykh@shirazu.ac.ir
2
استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
توسعة پایدار روستایی دارای ابعاد مختلفی است که در بین آنها بُعد پایداری اجتماعی در تحقّق اهداف توسعة روستایی بسیار حائز اهمّیّت است. این بعد از پایداری، تعیین نیازمندیهای اجتماعی حداقلی برای توسعة بلندمدّت و شناسایی چالشهای پیش روی عملکرد جامعه در بلندمدّت را دنبال میکند. دستیابی به پایداری اجتماعی در نواحی روستایی، نیازمند شناخت و تحلیل وضعیّت پایداری اجتماعی روستاها است. بر همین اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف سنجش، تحلیل و اولویّتبندی نواحی روستایی دهستان قلعهبیابان (شهرستان داراب) از لحاظ پایداری اجتماعی تدوین یافته است. اطّلاعات و دادههای مورد نیاز در این پژوهش، با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه جمعآوری شده است. واحد تحلیل پژوهش خانوارهای ساکن در 7 روستای بالای 20 خانوار است که 10 درصد آنها (185 خانوار) به عنوان خانوار نمونه انتخاب شدند. دادههای گردآوریشده با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری Tتکنمونهای، تحلیل واریانس یکطرفه و آزمون تحلیل واریانس اندازهگیری مکرّر، تجزیه و تحلیل و در راستای اولویّتبندی روستاهای مورد مطالعه از تکنیک RALSPI استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصله نشان میدهد که نواحی روستایی داراب از لحاظ پایداری اجتماعی بالاتر از حد متوسّط قرار دارند که البتّه تفاوت معناداری از این لحاظ در بین روستاها وجود دارد؛ همچنین بر اساس مدل RALSPIمشخّص شد که از لحاظ پایداری اجتماعی روستای فتحآباد در بالاترین رتبه و روستای بیخوبنگل در پایینترین رتبه قرار دارد. نهایتاً اینکه مشخّص گردید، معیارهای جمعیّت، امکانات و خدمات و نیز معیار رضایت زیستی نقش مؤثّری در بالابودن میزان پایداری اجتماعی روستاها دارند.
Abstract Rural sustainable development has different dimensions in which the dimension of social sustainability is of great importance. This dimension follows not only determining the minimum social requirements for long-term development but also recognizing the challenges ahead of the society performance for a long time. As a matter of fact, accessing social sustainability in rural areas requires the recognition and analysis of social sustainability of the villages. Therefore, regarding social sustainability, the present study aims at evaluating, analyzing and prioritizing rural area of Ghal’eh Biaban District (Darab City). The data are gathered through library method, (including books, articles, and statistics) and field method (the questionnaire in the frame of Likert range to evaluate and analyze social sustainability indices). The samples include the families of 7 villages with the population more than 20 families in which 10% of the population was chosen (185 people) as the sample families. Analysis of data was done using RALSPI model and statistical descriptive and inferential methods. Variance analysis was applied for explaining difference among villages in respect of social sustainability, and ranking cases was done through RALSPI method because of reducing substitution possibilities between indicators. This method requires weighting indicators, so the weight vector was calculated using entropy method whose results assumed as input of RALSPI method. The findings reveal that rural areas have higher than average social sustainability, although there are significant differences among the villages. Moreover, based on RALSPI method, it turns out that Fath Abad village has the highest rank of social sustainability while Bikh & Bongol the lowest rank of social sustainability. Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Rural sustainable development has different dimensions in which the dimension of social sustainability is of great importance; in recent years, this dimension has been considering as a basic component opening new subjects in discourse of sustainable societies. Social sustainability can be defined as a preservation and improvement of welfare of current and future generations. Based on related studies, this definition blends the equal accessibility to key services (such as hygiene, education, transportation, housing and recreation) and also inter-generation equality; this means that future generations will not be damaged by activities of current generation. Hitherto, there has been introduced an extensive domain of concepts about social sustainability such as social capital, sustainable societies, social resilience, social development, social capacity, and social welfare and deprivation that is the outcome of changing attitudes toward the development in general and rural development in especial. Research has shown that several components have been regarded as the basis of recognition of social sustainability in rural and urban societies. In this way, Economic Cooperation and Development Organization has introduced key issues of sustainable development in social and cultural fields in two sections: A) Life quality and social welfare, such as accessibility to hygienic and educational services, housing, income and level of deprivation. B) Demographic, including components such as population density, change of population structure, migration patterns among village and city and cultural issues. Social sustainability can be considered in three aspects; operational aspect which focuses on using related methods and indicators in the way of sustainability. Intended matters in this aspect are methods, issues and indicators such as empowering population, association, accessibility, welfare, employment, health, security and other indicators determinating life standards. The second aspect is related to sustainability of policies that evaluates suitability of principles and goals with sustainability. Third aspect of social sustainability is devoted to evaluating theories and approaches determining whether the theories and approaches are in compatible with principals of sustainability or not. In the meantime, the notable matter is achieving social sustainability in the villages requiring assessment of sustainability rate and related affecting factors, in any society; this can guide planners and decision makers. The correct understanding of existent insufficiencies and challenges from social viewpoint provide a suitable base line to achieve rural sustainable development. Accordingly, regarding operational dimension of social sustainability, this paper aims at replying the following questions: A) what is the level of social sustainability in the studied rural areas? B) Is there any significant difference among the criteria of social sustainability? C) What are the differences among rural areas in respect of social sustainability? 2- Materials and methods The present study is a kind of applied research using descriptive-analytic method. The data have been collected through library and field studies (questionnaire). Research area is Ghal’eh Biaban District located in Darab Sub-province. From all residential villages of the district, 7 villages, the research villages, include over 20 households and more which are as follows: Ghal’eh Biaban, Navayegan, Shohadaye Ashayer, Fath abad, Ghadire Navayegan, Bikh & Bongol, and Shekari. Moreover, the analysis unit is residential households including 1856 ones in which 10% was selected randomly as statistical sample. Based on library studies, 66 indicators have been selected for assessment of social sustainability of villages. Analysis of the data was done using RALSPI model and statistical descriptive and inferential methods. Variance analysis was applied to explain the differences among the villages in respect of social sustainability. Besides, ranking cases were done through RALSPI method because of reducing substitution possibilities between indicators. This method requires weighting indicators, so the weight vector was calculated using entropy method whose results assumed as input of RALSPI method. 3- Results and discussion . The findings show that sustainability level in the criteria like extraversion and interoperability, place attachment, participation, solidarity and social interaction, social trust, lack of fear from social abnormalities, responsibilness, lack of deprivation feeling and feel of luck is more than the average. Moreover, house satisfaction is also more than the average, although it is not significant. Sustainability in other four criteria is lower than the average being significant based on P-value. Furthermore, based on the findings of of RALSPI method Shahrake Ashayer gained highest rank in respect of criterion of social capital, while the villages Fath abad and Navayegan, located at second and third ranks, won the second and third rank respectively. The lowest score in this group belongs to Bikh & Bongol. According to the criterion of life satisfaction, villages of Fath abad, Navayegan and Ghal’eh Biaban won the second and third rank respectively compared with other villages. Unlike them, Bikh & Bongol have the least favorable situation. Moreover, the highest score of accessibility to services belongs to Fath abad, Navayegan and Ghal’eh Biaban, respectively. 4- Conclusion The present study aims at analyzing and prioritizing the social sustainability of Ghal’eh village. Along with spreading studies about explaining the concept of sustainable development and increasing attempt of societies in the way of operating guidelines of achieving this kind of development, social sustainability was introduced as one of main dimensions of sustainable development in recent years; consequently, some new concepts such as social capital, social sustainability etc. entered into science literature of development. Regarding the importance of this issue, especially in rural areas, social sustainability of rural areas of Ghal’eh Biaban district (located in Darab sub-province) was analyzed and prioritized. The findings reveal that overall level of social sustainability is upper medium in the studied villages, although there is significant difference among studied villages in respect of social sustainability. Investigation of differentiation among criteria of social sustainability, using statistical test of variance analysis, showed a significant difference among the acquired scores for each of criteria of social sustainability. Finally, the outcome of prioritization of studied villages, in respect of social sustainability situation in sorted ranks, is as follows: Fath abad, Navayegan, Shohadaye Ashayer, Ghal’eh Biaban, Ghadire Navayegan, Shekari, and Bikh & Bongol. Generally, empowering local societies, quantitative and qualitative improving of services, creation and diversification of employment opportunities and consequently increasing tendency of stability are suggested in rural areas to improve social sustainability.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_492_3d1ce08f27bf15084fdb33217fb4bdc2.pdf
توسعة پایدار
پایداری اجتماعی روستا
مدل RALSPI
دهستان قلعهبیابان
Sustainable development
Rural Social Sustainability
RALSPI method
Ghal’eh Biaban district
per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
49
63
493
Research Paper
بررسی و مقایسة خصوصیّات خاک خندقها (مطالعة موردی: منطقة چابهار و سیستان)
Studying and Comparing the Soil Characteristics of Gullies (Case Study: Chabar and Sistan Region)
منصور جهان تیغ
mjahantigh2000@yahoo.com
1
مرضیه تابع
marzieh_tabe@yahoo.com
2
دکتری آبخیزداری و استادیار مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زابل، ایران
دانشجوی دکتری بیابان دانشگاه کاشان و کارشناس ارشد مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان جنوبی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بیرجند، ایران
استفادة بیرویه از زمین به دلیل افزایش جمعیّت باعث کاهش حاصلخیزی، تخریب و فرسایش آن گردیده است. فرایند نهایی این برداشتهای نامعقول، افزایش چالشهای اقتصادی - اجتماعی و زیستمحیطی است. بخش عمدة تلفات خاک از طریق فرسایش آبی صورت میگیرد که پیشرفته و حادّ آن،نوع خندقی است. هدف از اجرای این پژوهش، مقایسة خاک خندقهای دو منطقة چابهار (خندق شمارة 1 و 2) و سیستان است. برای اجرای این پژوهش، محدودة پراکنش خندقها و همچنین نوع اقلیم آنها مشخّص شد. بر اساس مطالعات میدانی برخی از خصوصیّات خندقها در نقاط مختلف آنها شناسایی گردید. از محلّ سر و فاصلههای 25، 50 و 75 درصد طول آنها، از دولایة خاک سطحی (15-0) و عمقی (30-15 سانتیمتری) نمونههای خاک برداشت و به آزمایشگاه منتقل شد. ویژگیهای اسیدیته، شوری، درصد سدیم قابل تبادل، ظرفیّت تبادل کاتیونی،درصد اشباع و بافت خاک اندازهگیری شد. دادهها با استفاده از برنامة آماری SPSS موردتجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. مقایسة میانگین خصوصیّات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک با استفاده از آزمون T نشان داد که بین مقدار pH، EC، SAR، CEC، ESP، SP، رس، سیلت و شن در منطقة چابهار و سیستان اختلاف معنیداری وجود ندارد. شکل پروفیل عمودی رأس خندقهای منطقة چابهار به ترتیب مایل و غارمانند و از سیستان عمودی است. پلان عمومی خندقهای چابهار از نوع پنجهای و خطّی بوده ولی در منطقة سیستان به صورت مرکّب است. از لحاظ پلان رأس خندق شباهتهای بین برخی از خندقها وجود دارد. به صورتی که خندقهای U و Vشکلبه ترتیب دارای پلان رأس شاخهای و نقطهایاست.
Abstract Nowadays, the population growth leads to increasing the demand for food, which typically causes additional use of arable land and water. Improper use of the earth due to population growth leads to environmental degradation, economicandsocial challenges, low- income housing and migration to other part of country or the world. The most part of soil loss is through water erosion in the world. Gully erosion is a highly visible form of the soil erosion that not only affects soil productivity and restricts land use, but also threatens infrastructure. The present research aims at studying and comparing soil characteristics of gullies formed in the two regions which are sensitive to erosion (Chabahar and Sistan). In the present study, the available Geologic maps, aerialphotographs, Jammab map and field observation were applied to find gully erosion region. The kind of dominant climate was recognized. Moreover, two gullies in each region were selected in which the gully morphometric and natural characteristic were measured. Soil samples were taken from, 25%, 50%, and 75% of gully length at each location which were analyzed for soil characteristic and pH, EC, SAR, CEC, ESP, SP and texture. The data were analyzed using SPSSsoftware. The findings indicate that there are no statistically significant differences among the region soil properties. The profile typesofgully-headin Chabahar and Sistan are cave and vertical, respectively. Extended Abstract 1- Introduction The severe environmental problems are emphasizing on the urgent need to evaluate the available natural resources in order to provide the requirements for rapid growth of human population. All the basic natural resources including the land, water, energy and biota have been inherently limited for the sake of human uses. As the human population continues to grow, the natural resources are being divided among the increasing number of people. Overuse of these resources has led to some changes in their quality and quantity worldwide. Soil erosion, a natural phenomenon occurred in the nature, is a main environmental problem, although expedition erosion in the places in which natural rate is increased due to human activity is considered as the most significant issue. Soil loss and water ensuing have become one of the most important reason of limiting local development. The studies have shown that human activities on the environment such as intensive farming practice, deforestation and overgrazing of livestock have in some ways triggered off flooding and soil erosion by both water and wind. Soil erosion in the form of shallow gullying, rill erosion, sheet erosion and river bank erosion is prevalent in the arid and semiarid regions. Gully erosion mostly occurs in the time when water flows in narrow channels during or after heavy rainfall. Gullies range in depth from 30 to 3,000 cm and contain just water during and immediately after precipitation events. The present research aims at studying and comparing soil characteristics of Gullies (Case study: chabar and Sistan region). 2- Materials and Methods The present study was carried out in Chabahar located in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan state, Iran. The study area lies on latitudes 25° 40′- 25° 46′ N and longitude 61° 14′ – 61° 15′E. The dry season lasts from May to December while rainy season from late December to May. The mean annual total rainfall is about 100mm receiving over the average about 20 raining days. The temperature is almost high. The vegetation cover is very poor which receives to 10-15 percentages. Another study area is located in the north of Sistan and Baluchistan state, Iran. The Sistan region is occupied mainly by dry land. The region is nearly flat and featureless arid plain with an average height of 475–500m ASL in its eastern parts. That is why this arid plain is called Sistan plain. It is bounded by latitudes 30o24’N and 30o36’N and; longitudes 61o02’E and 61o04’E close to the border of Afghanistan. The Sistan region, being a part of arid zone of Iran, experiences an arid climate with cold weather in the winter months and warm weather in the summer months. The temperature data indicated that July is the warmest month, when temperature rises above 50oC; whereas January is the coldest month of year with mercury dipping down to minus 12oC. The warm winds blow over the region of Sistan for about 120 days during the period from June to September, the dominant directions being the north and northwest. The preset research aims at studying and Comparing soil characteristics of gullies in the south and north of Sistan and Baluchistan state. In this study, the available Geologic maps, aerialphotographs, Jammab map and field observation were applied to find gully erosion region. The kind of dominant climate was recognized. Moreover, two gullies in each region were selected in which the gully morphometric and natural characteristic were measured. Soil samples were taken from, 25%, 50%, and 75% of gully length at each location which were analyzed for soil characteristic and pH, EC, SAR, CEC, ESP, SP and texture. The data were analyzed using SPSSsoftware. 3- Results and Discussion The data, gathered from field studies and the available maps, show that the headcuts of gullies number 1 and 2 Chabahar are slopping and cave-like while it is vertical plans from Sistan gully. Their cross sections are V and U shaped. According to the depth of the gullies, they are classified in the intermediate class (1-10m). Dominant causes of gully formation are degradation of vegetation cover, land use change, soil erodibility, heavy rain and irrigation mismanagement. The gullies damage the lands, rangelands, cultivate lands, roads and water channels. The findings show that there is no statistically significant difference among the soil properties of the regions. The profileofgully-headtypes in Chabahar and Sistan are cave-like and vertical, respectively. The analysis shows that the values of soil pH in Chabahar and Sistan area are 7.85 and 8.07, respectively. The amount of t for pH in the areas equals to 3.642. There is no statistically significantdifferenceamong the means in level 0.05 (p>0.05). The means of soil sample electrical conductivity (EC) are 2.75 and 2.84 (ds/m) in Chabahar and Sistan region. The t of this parameter is 1.187. There is no statistically significantdifferenceamong the means in level 0.05 (p>0.05). The means of soil sample sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are 6.36 and 3.15 ( Meq/100g in Chabahar and Sistan, respectively. The amount of t equals 1.99. The means of soil sample cation-exchange capacity (CEC) are 13.22 and 17.82 meq/100g. The means of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) are 6.65 and 6.11 in Chabahar and Sistan region. The means of saturation percentage (SP) soil sample in the areas are 47.1 and 46.49, respectively. The amount of soil clay is 16.37 and 13.5 percentage in Chabahar and Sistan, respectively. The means of soil silt are 64.12 and 53.87 in the area. The averages of sand are 18.37% and 32.62% in Chabahar and Sistan regions. Range development of the gullies and their morphology are different in both regions. in other words, Sistan gully is poor with no development, for the flood which flows from Afghanistan is considered as the most important factors in gully erosion in Sistan region. Gully No 1 of chbahar is the same as Sistan gully, but, only developing from head. However, Gully No 2 of chbahar is type of uncontinue, young developing from all direction. Filed studies show that the sub-branch is more than the other gullies. 4- Conclusion The present studyshows that both physical and human factors including grazing over, destroyed vegetation cover, soil erodible, heavy floods from Afghanistan are important in the distribution of the gullies in Sistan region. There are several factors affecting on gully number 1 of Chabahar such as natural condition and basin physiographic, soil erodible, river flows, heavy flood, high intensity rain, land use, human activity and irrigation mismanagement. The causes of gully number 2 of Chabahar are including grazing over, destroyed vegetation cover, soil erodible, heavy floods, Agriculturalmismanagement of pasture and arable land, human activity, destruction of vegetationcover by nomadic peoples. Laboratoryanalyses show that gully number 2 of Chabahar has different morphologicalcharacteristics compared with other gullies. The main difference of this gully to other gullies is branches in head and other parts of this gully. The study shows that there are no differences in climate and human activity in study areas. So, it turns out that the soil characteristic and soil erodible make sub network in study gullies.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_493_5e34cdba2d050078122775cf32243735.pdf
خصوصیّات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک
سیستان
تلفات خاک
فرسایش خندقی
فرسایش آبی
Soil characteristics
Sistan
Soil loss
Gully erosion
Water Erosion
per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
65
86
494
Research Paper
روند تغییرات معیشتی - زیستی در زیست بوم های عشایری با رویکرد پایداری محیط (مطالعة موردی: زیست بوم طایفة فارسیمدان، استان فارس)
The Trend of Residential-Livelihood Changes in Nomadic Ecosystems with Environmental Sustainability Approach (Case Study: Farsimadan Tribe Ecosystem, Fars Province)
سیامک طهماسبی
siamaktahmasbi@yahoo.com
1
سیدعلی بدری
sabadri@ut.ac.ir
2
محمدرضا رضوانی
rrezvani@ut.ac.ir
3
کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
استاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
تغییر و تحوّل همیشه همراه جوامع بشری بوده و بعد از انقلاب صنعتی به دلیل گسترش فنّاوری این تغییرات سرعت بیشتری به خود گرفته است. در این میان، جوامع عشایری که در طول تاریخ کهن سرزمین ایران نقش بسیاری مهمّی را بر عهده داشتهاند، امروزه به دلایل متعدّد، تغییرات عمیقی را در ابعاد مختلف زندگی خود تجربه کرده و از نقش و اهمّیّت دیروزین آن کاسته شده است. با این حال، در چنین فراشدی، چالشها و فرصتهای زیادی فراروی آنان قرار گرفته است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناخت الگوهای تغییر و تحوّل در ابعاد معیشتی - زیستی و تبیین آنها در یکی از زیستبومهای ایل پر سابقة قشقایی، یعنی زیستبوم طایفة فارسیمدان است. این پژوهش، از نظر هدف کاربردی است و با استفاده از رهیافت کیفی و نظریّة بنیانی انجام شده است. انتخاب نمونهها ابتدا به شیوة ملاکی و سپس گلوله برفی بود که در نهایت با بهرهگیری از تکنیکهای مشارکتی، مصاحبة عمیق و نیمهساختاریافته با تعداد 12 نفر، اشباع نظری حاصل شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که الگوهای متفاوت معیشتی - زیستی همچون یکجانشینی، نیمهکوچنشینی و کوچ بدون دام در این محدوده شکل گرفته است. یافتههای تحقیق مشخّص میکند که مجموعة نیروهای درونی تغییر «ضعف دانش و تکنولوژی نوین عشایر در ارتباط با دامداری»، «افزایش جمعیّت، مهاجرت به شهر و کمبود نیروی کار» و «کمبود سرمایه» را شامل میشود. مجموعة نیروهای بیرونی تغییر نیز دربرگیرندة مواردی مانند «اصلاحات ارضی»، «محدود بودن حمایت و پشتیبانی دولت از نظر قانونی، حقوقی و مالی»، «ورود خدمات و امکانات به روستا»، «نفوذ تکنولوژی در بین عشایر»، «آسیبپذیری عشایر در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی و انسانی»، «از بین رفتن مدیریت سنّتی عشایری» و «تغییر ساختار سیاسی کلان کشور» است. در نتیجه میتوان گفت که مجموعة نیروهای ترکیبی تغییر شامل «سست شدن ارزشهای زندگی کوچنشینی»، «رواج فرهنگ مصرفگرایی» و «گرایش به سبک زندگی شهری» در شکلگیری و انتخاب الگوها و راهبردهای اتّخاذشده توسّط اجتماع مطالعه شده، ایفای نقش کرده و در نهایت چالشها و فرصتهایی را به وجود آوردهاند.
Abstract
Nomadic societies have had a very important role in the history of human societies. As a matter of fact, changing and transformation have always been accompanying these societies, although, after the industrial revolution, these changes occurred more rapidly due to the expansion technology. Todays, the role and importance of nomadic communities have declined for many reasons. Moreover, some profound changes have occurred in different aspects of their lives facing numerous challenges and opportunities. The present study aimed to identify change and transformation patterns in livelihood ness- Residential and explanation of them in Farsimadan ecosystem. This study is trying to identify the changes in the patterns of living and explanation of the ecosystem of Farsimdan tribe. This research is an applied one using qualitative approach and grounded theory. The sample was selected first with criterion sampling method and then snowball or chain sampling method. So finally the research reached to theoretical saturation via participatory research techniques and eventually deep and semi-structured interviews with 12 people. The results show that different patterns of livelihood have been formed included sedentary, semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle without livestock. Set of internal changes includes the weakness of tribal knowledge and new technologies in relation to livestock, population growth, lack of capital and migration to the city and labor shortage. External forces of change, including land reform, limited support from the government in terms of legal, regulatory and financial, entrance of services and facilities to the village, technology penetration among tribes, vulnerability tribes against natural hazards and human risk, loss of traditional management nomadic, changing the political structure. Combined forces of change include the loosening of nomadic life values, promoting the culture of consumerism" and urban lifestyle that played a role in the formation and pattern choices, strategies, challenges and opportunities for them.
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
Throughout the history, human has always experienced three diverse social systems with economic, cultural and political conditions. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the technology gradually has been influencing all aspects of human life. Therefore, with the development of technology, shift of production centers and lifestyle and urbanization gradually dominated rural and nomadism settlement in developed countries. Affected by the current socio-economic and political changes at national level, tribal communities have undergone a dramatic transformations in various aspects such as migration and settlement status, type of housing, having service and facilities, the exploitation status of livestock, farming and gardening, livestock feeding sources, socioeconomic structure and traditional patterns of mobility of them. Qashqai tribe, as one of the nomadic tribes, has experienced vast changes in residential- Livelihood affected by involuntary hesitancy policies and perspective modernization of Reza khan era resulting in hesitancy and migration to urban centers. This research aimed at studying Farsimadn sub tribe to seek understanding transformation trends, characteristics, factors and consequences of them which happened in this part of the tribal community.
2- Materials and Methods
The present study is a qualitative one in which the sample was selected applying criterion sampling; then using participatory techniques, the changes of the community were investigated. The data were collected from snowball sampling technique and interview with 12 people reached theoretical saturation to understand the changing of effective mechanism in residential- Livelihood patterns. Besides, Grounded Theory was used to analyze the qualitative data. In Grounded Theory analysis, the trend of data obtained from the study is done in three steps namely open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.
3- Results and Discussion
Surveying causal conditions related to residential- Livelihood nomad’s manner changing shows a set of forces that can be divided into three categories:
Change Internal Forces including the weakness of tribal knowledge and new technologies in relation to livestock, population growth, migration to city, labor shortage, and lack of capital. External forces of change, including land reform, limited support from the government in terms of legal, regulatory and financial entrance of services and facilities to the village, technology penetration among tribes, vulnerability of tribes against natural hazards and human risk, loss of traditional management nomadic, and changing the political structure. Synthesis forces of change includes the loosening of nomadic life values, promoting the culture of consumerism and urban lifestyle. The set of these factors led each family pursues different forms of residential- Livelihood according to their own situation. The following a summary of patterns and different strategies will be introduced.
Sedentarization: due to improvement of service and facilities many groups began sedentarization. In this pattern, four livelihood strategies are followed:
A) Sedentarized in winter quarters and employment in agriculture and service activities.
B) Sedentarized in winter quarters and combines agriculture and livestock (agro pastoralism)
C) Migration to the city
D) Sedentarized in village and work in the city or elsewhere
Semi- nomadism
Migration without Livestock or Multi- locational Households
The main characteristic of this pattern is the mobility without livestock, moving households done by car and the main willingness to address the activity of farming and gardening. According to respondents, the most important factors in choosing this type of Livelihood approach can be classified as follow:
- Suitable natural potential in summer quarter
- Natural potential limitations in winter quarter
- Influence of technology
- Consolidation of ownership
- Profitability of gardening comparing to livestock in the current situation
4- Conclusion
Nomadism is a residential-Livelihood strategy and art of living in the changing environment. Nowadays, nomadic community have adopted against the set of change forces by different residential- Livelihood strategies. Besides, a set of these forces have changed the landscape in nomadic ecosystems creating different landscapes that nomads have greater adaptation with them. In this change, a lot of structures and functions of nomadism have changed. In the past, livestock was impartible components of nomadic life having the value and dignity among nomads and well- known people who had more livestock in the tribe. In contrast, now, as a complementary activity, it has become even less valuable than agriculture. Nowadays, farming and gardening play an important role in the economy of tribal households. This change in the economic structure of tribal society has led to some changes in the other components of the system having a different role from the past. The changes and transformations have placed different challenges in different aspects of their lives.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_494_b170d9ddf7408cc847d71dcf8888d45f.pdf
کوچ نشینی
تغییرمعیشتی - زیستی
روستای عشایری
یکجانشینی
طایفة فارسیمدان - قشقایی
Nomadism
Residential-Livelihood Change
Tribal Vvillage
Farsimdan Tribe
Qashqai
per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
87
107
495
Research Paper
بررسی و اولویّت بندی آسیب پذیری سکونتگاه های روستایی استان خوزستان در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی
Studying and Prioritizing the Vulnerability of Rural Settlements of Khuzestan Province against Natural Disasters
حجت اله صادقی
h_sgeo@yahoo.com
1
یعقوب سیف
sadeghi8422@yahoo.com
2
اسکندر صیدایی
s.seidiy@geo..ui.ac.ir
3
مریم صالحی کاخکی
salehimaryam68@yahoo.com
4
عضو باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ایذه، ایران
کارشناس ارشد سنجشازدور و GIS، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی کارآفرینی فضای روستایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد مشهد، ایران
مخاطرات محیطی همواره تهدیدی برای سکونتگاههای انسانی است. این تأثیرات در فضاهای روستایی و در مناطق مختلف کشور با توجّه به نوع مخاطرات متفاوت است. سکونتگاههای روستایی با توجّه به خصوصیّات گوناگون نظیر موقعیّت جغرافیایی روستاها، ساختار کالبدی - فضایی، نوع مخاطرهپذیری، بیشترین بحرانها را در زمان بروز مخاطرات تجربه خواهند نمود. شناسایی آسیبپذیری سکونتگاههای روستایی با در نظر گرفتن متغیّرها و عوامل مؤثّر از روشهای پیشگیری، کاهش خسارات و مدیریت مخاطرات به شمار میرود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، اولویّتبندی روستاهای استان خوزستان از منظر آسیبپذیری محیطی بر اساس متغیّرهایی نظیر فاصله از حریم گسلهای فعّال زمینشناسی، مشخّصات خاک، مشخّصات سازندهای زمینشناسی، فاصله از دشتهای سیلابی، فاصله از مناطق حفاظتشده، فاصله از وقوع نقطهای زمینلغزش و میزان شیب زمین با استفاده از منطق فازی در راستای توسعة پایدار، پیشگیری بحران و کاهش خسارات است. روش پژوهش بر مبنای ماهیت توصیفی -تحلیلی و بر اساس هدف کاربردی و قابل استفاده در منطقة مورد مطالعه است. تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها بر اساس منطق فازی در سیستم اطّلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) طرّاحی و پیادهسازی شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که استان خوزستان به پژوهشهای بسیاری در زمینة اولویّتبندی آسیبپذیری نیازمند است؛ از بررسی 1989 نقطة روستایی بر اساس سناریوهای مختلف از جمله سناریوی نسبتاً بدبینانه 746 نقطة روستایی، سناریوی نسبتاً خوشبینانه 3 نقطة روستایی، سناریوی متعادل یا تابع ترکیب خطّی وزندار حدود 98 نقطة روستایی دارای مقدار استانداردشدة آسیبپذیری محیطی بیش از 5/0 هستند. همچنین بر اساس سناریوی بدبینانه، تمامی سکونتگاههای روستایی منطقه دارای مقدار استانداردشدة آسیبپذیری محیطی بیش از 75/0 و بر اساس سناریوی خوشبینانه، تمامی سکونتگاههای روستایی دارای مقدار استانداردشدة آسیبپذیری محیطی صفر هستند.
Abstract
The environmental hazards is always considered as a threat for human settlements. Their effects on rural areas and various regions of the country are different according to the type of hazards. According to various parameters such as geographical location of the villages, the physical-Spatial structure, and the risk-taking, rural settlements will experience the greatest crisis during the disasters. Identifying the vulnerability of rural settlements, regarding the variables and effective factors, is considered one of the prevention method, reduce damages and management of risks. The present study aims at prioritizing the villages of Khuzestan according to environmental vulnerability like the distance from the active geology fissures, soil texture, the features of geological structure, the distance from torrential plains, the distance from preserved regions and the degree of slope using fuzzy logic. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical one with practical goal and applicable in the region. Data analysis is designed and implemented based on fuzzy logic in geographic information system (GIS). The findings show that the Khuzestan province demands a lot of research in studies about prioritizing the vulnerability. According to the study on 1989 rural areas based on various scenarios including, relatively pessimistic scenario of 746 rural areas, relatively optimistic scenario of 3 the rural areas, balancing scenario of or the weighted linear combination of 98 point of rural areas, they have the value of standardized environmental vulnerability more than 0.5. Moreover, based on the pessimistic scenario, all rural settlements of the region have more than 0.75 standardized value of environmental vulnerability, while based on the optimistic scenario, all rural settlements have zero standardized value of environmental vulnerability.
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
The environmental hazards is always considered as a threat for human settlements. Their effects on rural areas and various regions of the country are different according to the type of hazards. According to various parameters such as geographical location of the villages, the physical-Spatial structure, and the risk-taking, rural settlements will experience the greatest crisis during the disasters. Identifying the vulnerability of rural settlements, regarding the variables and effective factors, is considered one of the prevention method, reduce damages and management of risks. The present study aims at prioritizing the villages of Khuzestan according to environmental vulnerability like the distance from the active geology fissures, soil texture, the features of geological structure, the distance from torrential plains, the distance from preserved regions and the degree of slope using fuzzy logic.
2- Materials and Methods
The method of present research is based on descriptive-analytical one based on practical goal and applicable in the region. Data analysis is based on fuzzy logic designed and implemented in geographic information systems (GIS). As a matter of fact, he specific characteristics of the available data, and he views of experts and previous studies, 7 variables were used to evaluate and prioritize the environmental vulnerabilities. They are active geological fissures, soil texture, features of geological profiles based on time, the distance from flood plains, the distance from preserved areas, the distance from the point of occurrence of landslides and the value of the slope. According to the census of Statistical Center of Iran in 2011, Khuzestan province with an area of 64,055 square kilometers, has a population of approximately 4.53 million people, with 27 city, 67 districts, 144 villages, 77 towns and 1989 villages. Besides, it is located within 42 minutes to 50 degrees 47 degrees 34 minutes east longitude and latitudes 29 degrees and 53 minutes to 32 degrees 59 minutes north.
3- Results and Discussion
Based on the study, it turns out that Khuzestan Province needs a lot of research on prioritizing the vulnerability. Therefore, the basic data were identified and prepared, the maps for the prioritization of environmental vulnerability from several functions and fuzzy scenario were used and eventually the vulnerability of rural human settlements is taken. Using a relatively pessimistic scenario, it is a verifiable fact that all rural settlements of the area (about 746 rural settlements, or about 37.5 of the total rural settlements) have a standardized environmental vulnerability more than 0.5. Furthermore, about 28 rural settlements, or about 1.4 percent of the study area have a standardized vulnerability of rural settlements more than 0.8. It is also based on relatively optimistic scenario about a limited number of rural settlements study area (rural settlements, or about 0.1 percent of the total three rural settlements) that have a standardized environmental vulnerability more than 0.5. In addition, using the pessimistic scenario, all rural settlements of the area have a standardized environmental vulnerability more than 0.75. Besides, about 1,844 rural settlements, or about 92.7of the total rural settlements of the area have a standardized environmental vulnerability more than 0.9. Taking optimistic scenario, all rural settlements have a value of zero environmental vulnerabilities. Balanced scenario or the weighted linear function results also showed that the study area has a relatively limited number of rural settlements (about 98 rural settlements, or about 4.9 percent of the total rural settlements) with a standard amount of environmental damage-over0.5.
4- Conclusion
Studying 1989 rural areas based on various scenarios including relatively pessimistic scenario of, , relatively optimistic scenario, balance scenario of or the weighted linear function, 746, 3, and 98 rural areas have the value of standardized environmental vulnerability more than 0.5 respectively. The findings show that the study is able enough to prioritize the environmental vulnerability of rural settlements throughout the region optimally. Besides, it presents multiple functions and fuzzy scenario of environmental vulnerability of rural settlements across the area of study using appropriate variables. It can not only design several function and scenario phases to prioritize environmental vulnerability, but also help and support the planners and decision-makers in planning, decision-making.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_495_ac4cc74c1ac97d79030017f30e183fcc.pdf
اولویّت بندی
آسیب پذیری محیطی
سکونتگاه های روستایی
منطق فازی
استان خوزستان
Prioritizing
Environmental Vulnerability
Rural Settlement
Fuzzy logic
Khuzestan Province
per
دانشگاه رازی
جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
2322-3197
2676-5683
2016-02-20
5
4
109
118
496
Research Paper
توزیع مکانی خشکیدگی درختان در اثر دارواش در ارتباط با ویژگیهای تاج آنها
The Spatial Distribution of Tree Dieback Affected by Mistletoe in Relation to their Crown Characteristics
عرفان بشکار
erfanboshkar@yahoo.com
1
احسان صیاد
ehsansayad@gmail.com
2
شایسته غلامی
shaiestegholami@gmail.com
3
کارشناس ارشد گروه منابع طبیعی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
استادیار گروه منابع طبیعی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
استادیار گروه منابع طبیعی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
خشکیدگی تاج از پدیدههای بارزی است که در جریان خشکسالیهای اخیر در جنگلهای بلوط زاگرس رخ داده و پایداری و حیات این اکوسیستمها را با تهدید جدی مواجه کرده است. با توجّه با اینکه تأثیر ویژگیهای تاج درختان بر حضور دارواش اثبات شده و همچنین ویژگیهای تاج با خشکیدگی آن ارتباط دارند، بنابراین در این تحقیق الگوی توزیع مکانی درختان خشکشده در اثر حضور دارواش و پارامترهای مربوط به تاج درختان با هدف مدیریت و کنترل دارواش و جلوگیری از آسیب آنها به درختان در جنگلهای گهواره در استان کرمانشاه بررسی شد. به این منظور شبکهای با ابعاد 200 متر ×200 متر به صورت سیستماتیک - تصادفی در منطقه انداخته شد و نمونهبرداری در 84 پلات 40 متر ×40 متر انجام شد. سپس اقدام به بررسی همبستگی مکانی با استفاده از روشهای زمینآماری (واریوگرام) گردید. دامنة تأثیر واریوگرامها برای ارتفاع درخت 4110، ارتفاع درخت دارواشدار 4227، قطر متوسّط تاج درخت 4110، قطر تاج درخت دارواشدار 4110، نسبت شکل تاج درخت دارواشدار 5110، سطح تاج درخت دارواشدار 2053 و حجم درخت دارواشدار 1793 و درصد خشکیدگی تاج 4110 است. دامنة تأثیر ارتفاع درخت، ارتفاع درخت دارواشدار، قطر تاج، قطر تاج دارواشدار با درصد خشکیدگی تاج مشابه است که این نشان میدهد این عوامل تأثیر بیشتری بر روی توزیع این متغیّر دارند. در واقع تا محدوده حدود 4000 متر، توزیع خشکیدگی در اثر دارواش تحت تأثیر این ویژگیهای درختان است.
Abstract
Crown dieback is a manifest phenomenon that occurred in the Zagros oak forests during recent droughts. Since the effect of crown features on the presence of mistletoe and on the trees have been proven, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the dieback and the characteristics of tree canopy of the trees with mistletoe. So the investigation of the spatial distribution of parameters related to dieback of trees is important in order to manage and control the mistletoe in The Zagros Forests and prevent damage to trees and. Therefore, the plots (1600 m2) in a 200 m × 200 m sampling grid were established in Gahvareh Forests. Then Data were analyzed using geo-statistics (variogram) in order to describe and quantify the spatial continuity of variables. The range of the variogram for tree height is: 4110, tree height with mistletoe: 4227, average diameter of the tree crown: 4110, canopy diameter of tree with mistletoe: 4110, crown shape ratio of the tree with mistletoe: 5110, crown area of the tree with mistletoe is 2053 and the percentage of crown dieback of trees with mistletoe is 4110. The range of height, tree height with mistletoe, average diameter of the crown tree, tree crown diameter with mistletoe and the percentage of crown dieback of trees with mistletoe are similar proving that these factors have a greater impact on the distribution of this variable.
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
One of the main problems in The Zagros Forests is oak trees dieback. What is really certain and important is the fact that the tree dieback crisis caused the declining of oak in oak forest of Zagros. Oak decline is characterized by crown thinning, foliar necrosis and progressive death of primary leaf-bearing branches and the emergence and subsequent decline of foliage. A range of biotic and abiotic factors have been shown to contribute to the Oak decline. However, no satisfactory investigation has been established to explain the mistletoe distribution. Loranthus europaeus is mistletoe of significant management concern in The Zagros Forests, the west of Iran. Although most mistletoes do not affect their hosts seriously and may play a key role in the forest ecosystems, some species impact host fitness substantially. In cases where mistletoes require management, the implementation of successful control measures must take specific account of their ecology. Crown dieback is a manifest phenomenon that occurred in the Zagros oak forests during recent droughts. The impact of the presence of mistletoe on crown dieback has been proven. Since the effect of crown features on presence of mistletoe and crown dieback had been proven, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the dieback and the characteristics of tree canopy of the trees with mistletoe. So investigating the spatial distribution of related parameters to dieback of trees in order to manage and control the mistletoe in The Zagros Forests and to prevent their damage to trees is important and must be done.
2- Materials and Methods
In this study, the spatial distribution of tree dieback under the influence of mistletoe and tree features were investigated in Zagros Forest of Kermanshah (Gahvareh). Therefore, 86 plots (1600 m2) in a 200 m × 200 m sampling grid were established in Gahvareh Forests. In each one of the plots, the dieback and tree features including trees height, height of tree with mistletoes, crown diameter of tree with mistletoes, crown area, crown volume, crown dieback percentage and crown shape ratio the tree with mistletoe were recorded. Then the data were analyzed using geo-statistics (variogram) in order to describe and quantify the spatial continuity of variables.
3- Results and Discussion
The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that dieback has a significant positive relationship with the tree properties including trees height, average of crown diameter, crown area and crown volume of trees with mistletoe. The variogram of variables revealed the presence of spatial autocorrelation for all variables. The variogram of variables were spherical and exponential. These variogram showed positive nugget, which can be explained by sampling error, short range variability, random and inherent variability. The nugget-to-sill ratio can be used to classify the spatial dependence of variables. The variable is considered to have a strong spatial dependence if the ratio is less than 25%, and has a moderate spatial dependence if the ratio is between 25% and 75%; otherwise, the variable has a weak spatial dependence. All variables were moderately spatially dependent except to crown volume of trees with mistletoe, which has a strong spatial dependency. The range of influence is considered as the distance beyond in which observations are not spatially dependent. The range of the variogram for tree height is: 4110 m, tree height with mistletoe: 4227m, average diameter of the tree crown: 4110 m, canopy diameter of tree with mistletoe: 4110 m, crown shape ratio of the tree with mistletoe: 5110 m, crown area of the tree with mistletoe is 2053 m and the percentage of crown dieback of trees with mistletoe is 4110 m. The range of height, tree height with mistletoe, average diameter of the crown tree, tree crown diameter with mistletoe and the percentage of crown dieback of trees with mistletoe are similar showing that these factors have a greater impact on the distribution of this variable.
4- Conclusion
The studied variables occurred in a relatively large area, indicating the spatial structure of large, uniform distribution and continuity in the desired location in variable amounts. The similarity in the effect range of dieback and features of trees with mistletoe and also a significant positive correlation between them, represent a close spatial relationship between the dieback and trees features and the presence of mistletoe. These results can be used by the executive organs for the management of crown dieback caused by the presence of mistletoe in The Zagros Forests.
https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_496_cb561ad3d15033eb451187a756abea7c.pdf
الگوی توزیع مکانی
خشکیدگی
دارواش
دامنة تأثیر
ویژگی های تاج
crown characteristics
dieback
mistletoe
Spatial Distribution
Variogram