@article { author = {Heydari, Akbar and Rahnama, Mohammad Rahim and Shokouhi, Mohammad Ajza and Kharazmi, Omid Ali}, title = {Analysis the Spatial Changes of Urban Environment in the Mashhad Metropolis Using the Natural Step Future Study Approach}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {1-19}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract Since the main theme of any geographical analysis is the emphasis on space and its environmental concepts, any change in the relationship between humans and the urban environment can be considered as the final production of human desire to change their settlement areas to overcome the environmental and spatial nature of the city. Accordingly, the present study attempts to analyze the spatial transformations in the urban environment scale by utilizing the natural step foresight approach in the context of urban environment indicators. Therefore, descriptive- analytical studies, documentary and questionnaire in the frame of Delphi model and software analyses were applied. After holding the initial discussion sessions with 50 academic elites and executive’s managers of Mashhad city, as statistical research society, 78 variables were identified in the frame of 16 general classifications. In continuous, the primary variables were defined in the Mic Mac and Scenario wizard future study software’s in the context of cross-impact matrix. Then, the statistical society were asked to assess the variables in term of the direct, indirect and potential influence- dependence rates in the range of 0 (null) to 3 (strong influence).  The results showed that the obtained fill rate is equal to 95.79% with two data iterations representing the high level of variables influencing each other. Based on the findings, integrated urban environmental management index (ME4) with 188 scores has the most direct impact on other variables, while development and the promotion of urban recycling regulations index with calculated linear value of 5,585,944 had the most indirect impact on other key variables. Finally, considering the identified key driving forces, the favorable, middle and tragedy scenarios were presented. Extended Abstract 1 -Introduction  Since the main theme of any geographical analysis is the emphasis on space and its environmental concepts, therefore, any change in the relationship between humans and the urban environment can be considered as the final product of human desire to change their settlement areas to overcome the environmental and spatial nature of the city. In this context, spatial change in the urban environment can be considered as a socio-economic, environmental, political and spatial policy function that has had different effects on urban space in the different periods of time and various conditions. Moreover, it makes the concepts of space and urban environment face the fundamental transformation. Thus, paying attention to the urban environment challenges and trying to solve them are of great importance. There are some minor studies about the urban environmental crisis in term of future and strategic studies. For the first time, Lefebvre has considered the urban environment space transformation discussion in the philosophical scale by the expression of space dialectic. Phdungsilp has analyzed the urban environment regarding strategic planning and sustainable city approach mentioning three models of Robinson pattern, natural step and technological planning to access the sustainability of the city concerning environment parameters. 2- Materials and Methods  The applied method is considered analytical intrinsically and, according to the results, practical. Furthermore, descriptive- analytical studies, documentary and questionnaire in the framework of Delphi and cross-impact matrices analysis using Micmac and scenario wizard software were used. Therefore, the data from 50 questionnaires were categorized into 16 classifications and 78 variables to enter the software. After this classification, the experts were asked to evaluate the groups in term of influencing and affecting from 0 to P values (0=Null, 1=Weak, 2=Average, 3=Strong, P=Potential). Finally, the favourable, middle and tragedy scenarios have been presented. 3- Results and Discussion  The findings revealed that the obtained fill rate is equal to 95.79%with two data iterations representing the high level of variables influencing each other. Besides, based on the findings, integrated urban environmental management index (ME4) with 188 scores had the most direct impact on other variables, while development and promotion of urban recycling regulations index with calculated linear values of 5,585,944 had the most indirect impact on other variables. Finally, the research scenarios were presented in the frame of 3 main scenarios and 36 predicted situations about Mashhad metropolis environmental challenges using TNS approach. According to results and presented background, the reliability of research tool was measured through arranging discussion meetings, modifying the basic assumptions, developing the key assumptions and refining the questionnaire basis on the elite’s views. Therefore, it can be easily concluded that the urban environment system in Mashhad metropolis is faced with huge volatility, such as the way that the continuation of current status will lead to the occurrence of disaster scenario and in the best case, if the current situation continues, the urban environment will be accompanied by widespread destruction. 4- Conclusion  The present study aimed to present the favorable pattern in Mashhad metropolis urban environment transformation using urban environment approach and the parameters such as physical- spatial variables, social and cultural, urban environment quality, urban ecosystem diversity, economic- natural cycles in the urban districts, population and immigration elements, poverty and marginalization, climate change applying natural step foresight approach in the context of urban environment indicators and Mic Mac future study, strategic pattern, and cross impacts matrix analysis in the frame of TNS approach.So that with the short, medium and long-term strategy, planning and observing the implementing of these strategies, different ways will be provided to catch sustainable urban development model in the urban environment scale. Thus, the fundamental solution preventing environmental degradation in the Mashhad metropolis is deep thinking and business observations to the environment in the frame of long-term sustainability approaches.  }, keywords = {Spatial Analysis,urban Environment,Futures Studies,Natural Step,Scenario Planning}, title_fa = {تحلیل تحوّلات فضایی محیط زیست شهری در کلانشهر مشهد با استفاده از الگوی آینده پژوهی گام طبیعی}, abstract_fa = {از آنجا که محور هرگونه تحلیل جغرافیایی تأکید بر فضا و مفاهیم زیست­محیطی آن است؛ لذا تغییر در مناسبات میان انسان و محیط­زیست شهری را می­توان محصول نهایی میل انسان به تغییر در محدودة سکونتگاهی خود برای چیرگی بر ماهیت زیست­محیطی و فضایی شهر دانست؛ بر همین اساس، پژوهش حاضر سعی دارد با بهره­گیری از رویکرد آینده­نگاری گام طبیعی در چارچوب شاخص­های محیط­زیست شهری، به تحلیل تحوّلات فضایی در مقیاس زیست­محیطی در کلانشهر مشهد بپردازد. برای دستیابی به این هدف، از مطالعات توصیفی - تحلیلی، اسنادی و پرسشنامه در چارچوب مدل دلفی و تحلیل­های نرم­افزاری استفاده گردید. در این راستا، پس از برگزاری جلسات اوّلیّة بحث با 50 نفر از نخبگان دانشگاهی و مدیران اجرایی شهر مشهد به عنوان جامعة آماری تحقیق، تعداد 78 متغیّر در قالب 16 طبقه­بندی کلّی به عنوان متغیّرهای اوّلیّة پژوهش شناسایی شدند. در ادامه، متغیّرهای اوّلیّه، در چارچوب ماتریس اثرات متقاطع در نرم­افزارهای آینده­نگار میک­مک و سناریو ویزارد تعریف شدند؛ سپس، از جامعة آماری خواسته شد تا برحسب میزان اثر - وابستگی مستقیم، غیرمستقیم و بالقوّه، به ارزشیابی متغیّرها در بازۀ 0 (بی­تأثیر) تا 3 (تأثیر بسیار قوی) بپردازند. نتایج نشان داد که با 2 بار تکرار چرخش داده­ای، شاخص پُرشدگی به دست آمده 79/95% می­باشد که این امر، مبیّن ضریب بالای تأثیرگذاری متغیّرها بر یکدیگر است. همچنین به اتّکاء یافته­های به دست آمده، شاخص مدیریت یکپارچة زیست­محیط شهری (ME4) با امتیاز 188، دارای بیشترین اثرگذاری مستقیم و شاخص تدوین و ارتقاء مقرّرات بازیافت شهری (RY4) با مجموع 5585944 ارزش سطری محاسبه­شده، دارای بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری غیرمستقیم بر دیگر متغیّرها بوده­اند. در نهایت، با در نظر گرفتن نیروهای پیشران کلیدی شناسایی­شده، سناریوهای مطلوب، میانه و فاجعه ارائه گردید.}, keywords_fa = {تحلیل فضایی,محیط زیست شهری,مطالعات آینده پژوهی,گام طبیعی,برنامه ریزی سناریو}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_552.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_552_d582f6dfc5948a86cf1b2472f47141da.pdf} } @article { author = {Maryam, Hafezparast and Saied Ehsan, Fatemi}, title = {Calculating Sustainability Indices of Water and Basin to Maintain Sustainability Development (Case Study: Gamasiab Basin Watershed)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {21-33}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract Protecting the watershed against future scenarios, an assessment of the sustainability of watersheds, based on water resources sustainability indicators of sustainable development in the catchment is necessary. In this study, not only the indicators of sustainable water resources and watershed sustainability indicators but also WEAP simulation model output have been calculated in Excel. Indicators of sustainable water resources survey quantity, availability of surface and ground water resources and watershed sustainability indicators have been achieved combining indicators of reliability, resiliency and vulnerability. In this respect, two scenarios in the Gamasiab catchment are defined. One contains only Jamyshan dam and other one three dams Jamyshan, Gheshlagh and Anahita, management alternatives to maintain stability of watershed were simulated and sustainability indicators were calculated. Finally, the best Executive Option in each scenario was obtained using multi-criteria decision analysis and compromise programing method. In the scenario, Jamyshan dam is the only best structural strategy to improve the sustainability of the combination of decrease losses and increase water efficiency alternative, besides, in the scenario three dams are the best strategy to the decrease losses. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Loucks (2000) and Margerum (1999) defined the concept of sustainability paradigm for multi-purpose projects to obtain the consent of stakeholders in decision-making process. Accordingly, Chavez and Alipaz (2007) claimed that sustainability of water resources directly depends on the political, life, environmental and hydrological situations, although there are little to integrate them in the same manner. Sullivan and Meigh, (2005) stated that there have been a desire to measure and describe different aspects of indicators of sustainable development of water resources. Kondratyev et al, (2002) and Ioris et al, (2008) believe that the current restrictions on the stability of most aspects are in biophysical methods. Most of mining socio-economic factors are caused by environmental driving forces. Wang and Innes, (2005) used confirmed auditing systems approach of sustainable forest management accompanied by the evaluation of regional sustainable development to test land sustainability and use of water resources in river basins Mine, Foujin in the China . The results show that the basin has little power for sustainable development. 2-Materials and Methods The water sustainability indicators: these indicators include the quantity of water resources and their availability such as:  Dry Season Flow by River Basin This indicator was developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) as a part of the Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems (PAGE) (WRI, 2000) for the description of water conditions on a river basin level. It considers the temporal variability of water availability that is essential for some places like the regions with rainy and dry seasons. Watersheds with a dry season are the places where less than 2% of the surface runoff is available in the 4 driest months of the year. This indicator is calculated by dividing the volume of runoff during the dry season, i.e. during the four consecutive months with the lowest cumulative runoff, by the population.  Water availability index (WAI) Meigh et al. (1999) calculated GWAVA (Global Water AVailability Assessment) model the temporal variability of water availability. The index includes surface water as well as groundwater resources comparing the total amount to the demands of all sectors, i.e. domestic, industrial and agricultural demands. The month with the maximum deficit or minimum surplus respectively is decisive. The index is normalized in the range of –1 to +1. When the index is zero, availability and demands are equal. Vulnerability of Water Systems Gleick (1990) developed this index for watersheds in the United States as part of an assessment of the potential impacts of climate change for water resources and water systems. Watershed Sustainability Index A sustainable and integrated water management need the engagement of all stakeholders. Such water management has demonstrated to be capable of integrating all issues of water resources management (loucks, 2000). Water sustainability indices, namely Water Poverty Index (WPI) are presented by Sullivan (2002), Canadian Water Sustainability Index (CWSI) by the Policy Research Initiative (Policy Research Initiative, 2007) and Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI) by Chaves and Alipaz (2007). All these three indices have the same goal to provide information on current conditions of water resources, provide inputs to decision makers and prioritize water-related issues. 3-Results and Discussion In this study, the combination of indicators, which are directly from output of watershed simulation models, are used. The computation of indicators has been done in excel making three dimensional matrix of scenario- alternative and indicators. Solving these matrix has been done by multi criteria decision making (MCDM). Compromise programing is one of these methods that is used in this study. 4-Conclusion Studying in the Gamasiab watershed, simulated by WEAP model and the compromise programing, showed that in the scenario only Jamishan dam is the option to decrease the losses and increase water efficiency alternative. In the other hand, the decrease losses alternative is the best one in the scenario three dams.   }, keywords = {watershed sustainability,indicator,WEAP,multi-criteria decision analysis,compromise programing}, title_fa = {محاسبة شاخص‌های پایداری آب و پایداری حوضة آبریز در راستای حفظ توسعة پایدار (مطالعة موردی: حوضة آبریز گاماسیاب)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور حفظ و بقای حوضه­های آبریز، ارزیابی پایداری آنها بر اساس شاخص­های پایداری منابع آب و شاخص­های توسعة پایدار حوضة آبریز در برابر وقایع و رخدادهای آینده ضروری است. در این پژوهش، شاخص­های پایداری منابع آب و حوضة آبریز به صورت ترکیبی با استفاده از خروجی مدل شبیه­سازی WEAPدر محیط اکسل محاسبه شده است. شاخص­های پایداری منابع آب، مقادیر و میزان دسترسی منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی را بررسی می­کند در حالی که شاخص­های پایداری حوضة آبریز، از ترکیب شاخص­های اطمینان­پذیری، برگشت­پذیری و آسیب­پذیری به دست می­آید. در همین راستا، حوضة آبریز گاماسیاب، توسّط دو سناریو یکی شامل تنها سدّ جامیشان و دیگری شامل سدهای جامیشان، قشلاق و آناهیتا، راهکارهای مدیریتی برای حفظ و پایداری در آن شبیه­سازی شد و شاخص­های پایداری آن محاسبه گردید. در نهایت، بهترین راهکار اجرایی در این حوضه با تصمیم­گیری چندمعیاره (MCDM) و روش برنامه­ریزی سازشی در هر سناریو محاسبه شد. در سناریو، تنها سدّ جامیشان بهترین راهکار سازه­ای برای بهترشدن وضعیّت پایداری حوضه، تلفیق کاهش تلفات و افزایش راندمان و در سناریو هر سه سد، بهترین راهکار کاهش تلفات است.}, keywords_fa = {پایداری حوضة آبریز,شاخص,WEAP,تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره,برنامه‌ریزی سازشی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_553.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_553_f99d66e43e7317276672f4e167649b57.pdf} } @article { author = {Mirehei, Mohammad and Fathi, Amir and Amirian, Sohrab and Parnian, Hatem}, title = {Investigating and Determining the Priorities for Capital Organizing in Iran}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {35-49}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {  Abstract Excessive centralization of population and facilities in Tehran, increases urban problems in the capital, on the one hand, and causes increasing problems in other geographical areas of Iran, on the other hand. Besides, it consequently is threatening the security and development of the country. Various schemes have been proposed to manage this situation. The present study aims to gather and classify the data choosing the best solution to organize the capital of Iran. The current article is the exploratory- analytical one, applied research using library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews). The solutions were classified in the form of five main options and rating criteria including the ability to run, speed of execution, influencing volume, lower operating costs, economic considerations, political and environmental security. They are then determined by using AHP technique. The most important organization options are prioritized as the following, the internal organization of Tehran, decentralization, territorial approach, creating and strengthening poles rival to Tehran and transferring the capital. Therefore, national authorities are suggested to concentrate on the Tehran problems instead of wasting the time thinking of transferring the capital. Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Reconstruction and industrial development policies in the last century in Iran has caused over- centralization of population and public services. Rapid and uncontrolled increase in the population of Tehran in the last few decades leads to both increasing the densities and pollution, and decreasing the quality of services and available resources. All these policies have increased migration from border regions to Tehran, which can threaten the security of the country. Various methods have been examined to organize Tehran, but none of them could control the increase of population or decrease the pressure on infrastructures and resources in long term. The problems created by poor planning in different levels in Tehran not only are just the issues of this province but also affect all other provinces. In the last two centuries, Tehran has been transformed to the center of country’s infrastructures and specially the network of ways. The network of all highways, railways and airways in Iran is so structured, that Tehran is practically the center all of them. Tehran is also the source of many problems in other fields like economic, political, cultural, social and environmental sects. The subject of organizing the capital affects not only this city and its surrounding regions but also whole the country directly or indirectly. So to solve Tehran’s problems we should consider the different aspects of spatial planning in Tehran and whole country. Region of this study:Tehran is the capital of Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in the south of Alborz Mountains; one of the central provinces of Iran. In 2006, ratio of the population of Tehran agglomeration ratio to the population of country was 18.13. In 2006, 52% of investment (governmental and private), was concentrated in Tehran. 2-Materials and Methods In this investigation statistical society consists of spatial planning specialists, and related organizations and institutions. This investigation is going to prioritize the method of organizing the Capital by spatial planning approach, using the technic of AHP, based on certified survey whose essence is qualitative and quantitative and its purpose is developmental. The method of gathering information in this investigation are librarian and field (questioner) in which the data and statistics were gathered from essays, books and related sources and also interviews with experts . In the next step, we prepared a questionnaire whose target society was elite. For scoring we used nine degree scale of L. Saaty. Then, the mean of all criteria and choices of questionnaires extracted and inserted in expert choice software. 3- Results and Discussion In this research, following criteria have been chosen to investigate and determine the priorities for organizing the Capital with spatial planning approach: implementation capability, implementation speed, dimensions of influence, environmental, political, and economic and security considerations and low implementation costs. Studying the evidence, different documents and interview with elite and experts, we obtained many choices categorizing them into five main groups or choices, like internal organization of Tehran city, decentralization, make and strengthening opposing poles, spatial approach and displacement of the Capital city. Then the choices were prioritized on the basis of specialist’s viewpoints and by considering the effect of each criterion. 4-Conclusion Implementation capability in the organizing Capital is known as the best criterion. Displacement of the capital city has last option priority and the importance of practicing has been estimated 5%. In the result of organizing and decentralization Capital city conference at 2015, this issue was referred to. However, almost all domestic and foreign pundits participating in the conference disagreed to displacing Tehran like a capital city. The opinions of these scientists are based on the organization and decentralization. Because finding a suitable geographical area in the country to displaced Capita city there is not a simple task, displacing the Capital city requires a lot of financial credit. But there are many ways to organize the capital appearing in the form of five main options in the preset study. So, it can be concluded that, the best way to organize the capital not only is not a particular option, but needs to examine some options and still other options must be considered. As we noted in the materials and methods section, this option should mostly pay attention to internal organization of the Tehran city and in next priorities should focus on decentralization of the capital, territorial approach and make and strengthening opposing poles for Tehran. According to Tehran today, and by using the result of this research and experience of other countries in dealing with Capital problems, some steps are provided to organize Tehran: In the first step, executive organizations must operate its power to internal organization. Participation of people in the important city decision-making, determination of strategic decisions related to metropolis of Tehran, Remote working for government employees, development of Underground transport, air transport development, creating monorail, revising the space political organization in Tehran. Since the centralization political of Tehran was selected as the second priority, there should be some decentralization consideration in the organizing committees and the governmental agenda. Concentrating services and facilities in Tehran, causes absorbing population from different parts of Iran, and Tehran has been developed macrocephaly. To get away from this situation, it should be given special attention to the development of coastal areas, seaport and southern islands, development of border areas, supporting the industrialists and producers in disadvantaged provinces, developing and strengthening small towns through regional and local planning policies.        }, keywords = {spatial planning,AHP method,organization,Capital,Tehran City}, title_fa = {بررسی و تعیین اولویّت‌های ساماندهی پایتخت در ایران}, abstract_fa = {مسائل و مشکلات متعدّد تهران به عنوان پایتخت و الگوی شهرسازی ایران، موجب شده تا کنون رویکردهای مختلفی برای ساماندهی این شهر ارائه شود؛ بنابراین هدف از پژوهش جاری، گردآوری، دسته‌بندی و در نهایت گزینش مناسب‌ترین راهکارهای ساماندهی پایتخت در ایران است. این راهکارها از طریق مطالعات اسنادی گردآوری و در پنج گروه دسته‌بندی شدند. به منظور رتبه‌بندی آنها، از هفت معیار قابلیّت اجرا، سرعت اجرا، حجم اثرگذاری، هزینه‌های اجرایی کمتر، ملاحظات اقتصادی، سیاسی و امنیّتی و زیست‌محیطی، تکنیک تحلیل سلسله­مراتبی و خبره­سنجی استفاده شد. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، معیار قابلیّت اجرا به عنوان پراهمّیّت‌ترین عامل در ساماندهی پایتخت شناخته شد. همچنین مهم‌ترین گزینه‌های ساماندهی به ترتیب اولویّت بدین شرح هستند: ساماندهی درونی شهر تهران، تمرکززدایی، رویکرد سرزمینی، ایجاد و تقویت قطب‌های رقیب برای تهران و انتقال پایتخت. نتایج حاکی از آن است برخی راهکارها نظیر انتقال پایتخت، اگرچه در تعدادی از کشورهای جهان اجرا شده و همچنین هر از چند گاهی توسّط برخی از افراد در ایران به‌ویژه سیاستمداران مطرح می‌شود چندان از نظر خبرگان موجّه نیستند و به عکس، اقداماتی چون ساماندهی وضعیّت موجود شهر تهران و انتقال برخی از کارکردهای آن به سایر مناطق سرزمینی، در اولویّت قرار دارند. همچنین تجارب انتقال پایتخت در اغلب کشورهای دنیا، چندان موفّق نبوده و نتوانسته به مشکلات موجود در پایتخت پیشین پاسخ دهد و حتّی پایتخت جدید نیز مجدّداً با معضلات پایتخت قبلی مواجه شده است؛ بنابراین در این مقاله، پیشنهاد می‌شود مدیران و سیاست­گذاران کشور، بیش از اینکه به تفکّر انتقال پایتخت دل­مشغولی پیدا کنند و با این تفکّر، مشکلات شهر تهران را مورد غفلت قرار دهند؛ با شناسایی عمیق مسائل شهر تهران، ضمن ساماندهی درونی شهر، نسبت به تعیین کارکردهای اولویّت‌دار به منظور تمرکززدایی اقدام نمایند.}, keywords_fa = {آمایش سرزمین,تکنیک AHP,ساماندهی,پایتخت,شهر تهران}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_554.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_554_f9f30a51274e2fee2c91fa5f03caf7f8.pdf} } @article { author = {Akbarpour, Mohammad}, title = {The Role and Function of Entrepreneurship Empowerment of Villagers in Rural Areas (Case Study: Central Part of Hashtroud)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {51-66}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract This study is based on the purpose of application aiming to develop the dimensions and factors affecting the ability of rural people in order to develop their entrepreneurship. The present study investigate the role of empowerment of villagers in the entrepreneurship development, a case study of villagers in the central part of Hashtroud. As a matter of fact, the development of the villages and leaving the present problems in economic, social-cultural and environmental ground needs the tendency toward efficient arenas. One of these arenas is entrepreneurs which has been emphasized in the world. 21 century is called the century of entrepreneur’s century. One of the most important strategies for sustainable rural development is the development of rural entrepreneurship.Method: The approach of this research is survey with cross sectional study. The study population included all entrepreneurs with a history of successful entrepreneurship is at least five years. The foundation of their work is based on innovation. Because of limitations in the presence of the entrepreneurs that they comply with the minimum criteria could be considered entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs active in the area of which 63 people were involved in this study.Findings: The results showed that in all the villages studied, personal component of the index, which was evaluated in four dimensions Villagers tend to be more entrepreneurial activities tend to meet their individual desires and perceptions that prevail items such as profits, business and social prestige have been raised are interested in entrepreneurial approach. 1-Introduction Entrepreneurship, as a socio-economic phenomenon, is affected by different factors. Economic conditions have been known as the cause for entrepreneurship by some experts who believe that entrepreneurship is the major force of economic development in village and it is along with change, innovation and production services Entrepreneurship is one of the activities which can resolve many major challenges (such as unemployment, low income, lack of economic diversity and etc.) in rural areas and also has positive impacts on other aspects of villagers’ life. Entrepreneurship has assumed prime importance, both in research and in action, for accelerating economic growth. An entrepreneur is a critical factor who strives to reorient the national strategies and bring out the desired changes in the development pattern. Contrary to the earlier belief that entrepreneurs are a special creed and are born with special traits, entrepreneurship can be cultivated through proper training and financial support. An entrepreneur is a catalyst who can mobilize different resources and put them on effective use. This study is a kind of practical one, for it is based on the development of the dimensions and factors affecting the ability of rural people to develop entrepreneurship. The present study investigate the role of empowerment of villagers in the entrepreneurship development, a case study of villagers in the central part of Hashtroud. As a matter of fact, the development of the villages and leaving the present problems in economic, social-cultural and environmental ground needs the tendency toward efficient arenas. One of these arenas is entrepreneurs which has been emphasized in the world. 21 century is called the century of entrepreneur’s century. One of the most important strategies for sustainable rural development is the development of rural entrepreneurship. 2-Materials and Methods This study is a qualitative one. Library and digital studies have been applied to collect information from resources and reliable documents. Research scope in this study is the role and function of entrepreneurship empowerment of villagers in rural areas. The approach of this research is a survey with cross sectional study. The study population includes all entrepreneurs with a history of successful entrepreneurship of at least five years. The foundation of their work is based on innovation. Because of limitations in the presence of the entrepreneurs that they comply with the minimum criteria could be considered entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs active in the area of which 63 people were involved in this study. 3-Results and Discussion Development of the society is directly related to the income generation capacity of its members. With agriculture, as the key income generation activity, the entrepreneurship based on farm and home can directly affect the income of a major chunk of our population. The growth of modernization processes such as industrialization; globalization; urbanization and migration further encourage it. Entrepreneurship on small scale is the only solution to the problems of unemployment and proper utilization of both human and non-human resources and improving the living conditions of the poor masses. The need for and growth of rural industries has become essential in a country like Iran because of the following reasons: 1. rural industries generate large-scale employment opportunities in the rural sector, as most of the rural industries are labor intensive. 2. Rural industries are capable of checking rural urban migration by developing more and more rural industries. 3. Rural industries/entrepreneurship help to improve the per capital income of rural people thereby reduces the gaps and disparities in income of rural and urban people. 4. Rural entrepreneurship controls concentration of industry in cities and thereby promotes balanced regional growth in the economy. 5. Rural entrepreneurship facilitates the development of roads, street lighting, drinking water etc. in the rural sector due to their accessibility to the main market. 6. Rural entrepreneurship can reduce poverty, growth of slums, pollution in cities and ignorance of inhabitants. 7. Rural entrepreneurship creates an avenue for rural educated youth to promote it as a career. The results showed that in all the studied villages, personal component of the index, which was evaluated in four dimensions, Villagers tend to be more entrepreneurial, activities tend to meet their individual desires and perceptions that prevail items such as profits, business and social prestige are interested in entrepreneurial approach. 4-Conclusion Creating a cooperative management area in villages can be stepped in rural development and entrepreneurship expansion. Sustainable rural entrepreneurship is a strategy for empowering and Creating capacity in rural areas in order to change the current pattern of life to an optimal human pattern, reducing the gap in the city-village, creating economic, social, environmental and institutional equalities. It is quite clear that rural entrepreneurship cannot be developed without significant training. Therefore, instead of just schemes (financial and developmental) as the carrot for entrepreneurship development, an intensive training needs to be provided to the youth in rural Hashtroud city. Rural entrepreneurship is the answer to removal of rural poverty in Hashtroud city. Therefore, there should be more stress on integrated rural development programs. Therefore preparation of economic and social environment in villages is very effective in recruitment of young and skilled manpower and specialist; and also expansion of agriculture activities as the main strategy to create and strengthen rural entrepreneurship in regard to sustainable development of these areas.}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship,empowerment,central part of the,Hashtroud city}, title_fa = {نقش و عملکرد توانمندسازی روستاییان در کارآفرینی مناطق روستایی (مطالعة موردی: بخش مرکزی شهرستان هشترود)}, abstract_fa = {توسعة فعّالیّت­های کارآفرینی در مناطق روستایی باید بر اساس ظرفیّت­ها و پتانسیل­های موجود در روستاها صورت گیرد تا به موفّقیّت دست یابد و از هدر­رفت سرمایه و زمان جلوگیری شود. کمک به توسعة روستاها و خروج از مسائل و مشکلات جاری در زمینه­های اقتصادی، اجتماعی – فرهنگی و زیست­محیطی نیازمند گرایش به عرصه­های کارآمد است، یکی از این عرصه­ها، کارآفرینی است که در جهان امروزی همواره مورد تأکید بوده و گاه قرن 21 را به عنوان قرن کارآفرینان نام برده­اند. یکی از مهم­ترین راهکارها در جهت توسعة روستایی پایدار، رشد و توسعة کارآفرینی روستایی است. روش این پژوهش، پیمایشی و به شیوة بررسی مقطعی است.جامعة آماری تحقیق، شامل کلّیّة کارآفرینان با حداقل پنج سال سابقة موفّقیّت­آمیز کارآفرینی استو تعداد تعیین­شده برای نمونه‌ها بر اساس فرمول کوکران 44 نفر از 54 نفر کارشناسان شاغل به تحصیل یا تدریس در دانشگاه­های کشور که از تسلّط آنان بر مباحث کارآفرینی و مشارکت اطمینان حاصل شد، است؛ و به علّت وجود محدودیت در حضور کارآفرینانی که مطابق با حداقل معیارها بتوان آنان را کارآفرین قلمداد نمود،تعداد 63 نفر کارآفرین فعّال در روستاهای بخش مرکزی هشترود در این تحقیق مشارکت داده شدند. روش گردآوری داده­ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه و توسّط نرم‌افزار SPSS مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت.نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که در مجموع، روستاهای مورد مطالعه، نسبت به شاخص­های مؤلّفة شخصی که در چهار بُعد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت، روستاییان در گرایش به فعّالیّت­های کارآفرینانه بیشتر با گرایش به تأمین امیال و برداشت­های فردی خود که در غالب گویه­هایی همانند کسب سود، کسب اعتبار اجتماعی و... مطرح بوده، به رویکرد کارآفرینی علاقه داشته‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {کارآفرینی,توانمندسازی,بخش مرکزی,شهرستان هشترود}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_555.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_555_9ef6e501431673c48916897c5bf55678.pdf} } @article { author = {Golshan, Mohammad and Esmali Ouri, Abazar and Asadi, Haneieh}, title = {Comparing Techniques of Rosenbrock, GA, URS and SCE-UA Optimization to Determine the Parameters of SIMHYD Model to Simulate Discharge Flow}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {67-80}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract The optimization of conceptual rainfall- runoff model parameters is important in calibration whose goal is determining the values of the model parameters providing the best fit between observed and estimated flows data. In this research, the performance of probabilistic optimization techniques was studied for calibrating the SIMHYD model in Khorramabad watershed with the area of 2467 square kilometers. These techniques for calibration are consist of genetic algorithms (GA), Shuffled Complex Evolution method developed at the University of Arizona (SCE-UA), Uniform Random Sampling (URS) and Rosenbrock algorithm. The results showed that changing the optimization algorithms has an important effect on the performance of conceptual model. So that, the values of Nash-Sutcliff (NS) coefficient for used algorithms were derived as 0.73, 0.72, 0.70 and 0.75, respectively. Compared with the others, the Rosenbrock algorithm had more performance, thus this algorithm was selected to simulate SIMHYD model for calibration during the period, from 2004 to 2008 and for validation during the period from 2009 to 2010. The values of coefficients NS, RMSE and R in calibration period were derived 0.73, 0.66 and 0.86, respectively and in validation period, they were 0.68, 0.80 and 0.83, respectively. The results showed that optimization algorithms in simulating SIMHYD model had high accuracy to identify the parameter values and they are suitable for the study area. Therefore using hydrological models and selecting the appropriate optimization techniques, we could simulate the watersheds flows with highly accuracy. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction The optimization of conceptual rainfall- runoff model parameters is important in calibration whose goal is determining the values of the model parameters providing the best fit between observed and estimated flows data. The evidence from previous conceptual rainfall runoff model calibration studies has indicated that the calibration problem should be solved by global optimization techniques (e.g., Johnston and Pilgrim, 1976; Sorooshian and Gupta, 1985). A large percentage of the rainfall volume in different areas of the country is transformed to surface runoff by the factors such as structure of geology, vegetation, land use, slope and the catchment shape. Therefore, the simulation of runoff in an area is influenced by several factors. Conceptual models are often preferred to other hydrologic models including models that are based on physics. In addition to providing acceptable responses, conceptual models need less computational efforts and input data than physical models. Depending on the purpose of the model implementation, these models have several parameters, which represent the catchment’s characteristics. Estimating the amount of runoff generated in a catchment as well as predicting numerous hydrological processes that is associated with certain complexity in some areas, is one the key issues in hydrological studies, which the required basis information for most of water resources projects, watershed projects as well as many related projects is established by obtaining these data. Thus, estimating runoff and necessary predictions for hydrological issues as well as a proper management of natural resources are very important. 2-Materials and Methods The Khorramabad watershed with 2467 square kilometers area and 339 (km) perimeters is a sub watershed of Kharkhe watershed that located in the center of Lorestan province. This watershed is located in 48° 21' to 49° 8' east longitude and 33° 13' to 33° 44' north latitude geography range in the west part of the country.  In this area minimum elevation is 1102 (m) and the maximum elevation is 2545 (m) and with 405 average precipitation and 15 (C°) temperature have semi-arid climate. This study investigated the performance of fore probabilistic optimization techniques for calibration the SIMHYD model in Khorramabad watershed with 2467 square kilometers. This techniques for calibration are consist of genetic algorithms (GA), Shuffled complex evolution method developed at the University of Arizona (SCE-UA). Evaluation of model efficiency To evaluate the model efficiency and to limit the answers to only one answer, sometimes it is needed to use several statistical criteria (Gassman et al, 2007; Santhi et al, 2001). In this research the SIMHYD model performance was used for assessment of NS, R, and RMSE Coefficients. RCoefficient (Correlation Coefficient) indicated that regression line between observation and simulation variable is near to maximum correlation between this tow Series that its ranges is between 0-1. The NS coefficient shows a relative different between observation and simulation value and the value of this factor is between -∞-1 (Moriasi et al, 2007). RMSE coefficient is different between simulation and observation value in which the little value of this coefficient shows high performance of model and if the value of this model increases the model performance will decreases. 3-Results and Discussion The result showed that changing the optimization algorithms has important effect on performance of conceptual model. So that the value of the Nash-Sutcliff (NS) is used for algorithms performance in optimizing parameters that in GA, SCE-UA, URS and Rosenbrock algorithms was obtained 0.73, 0.72, 0.70 and 0.75 respectively. The URS algorithms with 0.70 NS coefficient in compare with other algorithms has less performance in determine value of parameters and the Rosenbrock algorithms with 0.75 NS coefficient have the more performance. Thus this algorithms for simulation SIMHYD model during 2004-2008 was calibration and in 2009-2010 was donned validation. Coefficient NS, RMSE and R2 in calibration period was yield 0.73, 0.66 and 0.75 respectively and in validation period was yield 0.68, 0.80 and 0.69 respectively. 4- Conclusion SIMHYD model is one of the conceptual hydrologic models in which the flow with daily time step was used for simulation. Various studies have used different methods to optimize parameters. The result showed that optimization algorithms in SIMHYD model have high performance to identify parameter values. In fact, the efficiency of the rainfall-runoff models depends on the accuracy and calibration parameters. In this study four optimization algorithms for the simulation of flow and calibration model parameters were compared in Khorramabad Basin. Rosenbrock algorithm between the used optimization algorithms have the highest accuracy. So the periods of this optimization algorithm was used to simulate. The results showed that SIMHYD model has suitable performance for simulation runoff during the time of the studies and this model can be used for simulation runoff in Khorramabad watershed.}, keywords = {Hydrological models,Khorramabad,Runoff,Simulation}, title_fa = {مقایسة روش‌های بهینه‌سازی روزنبرک، ژنتیک، URS و SCE–UA جهت تعیین پارامترهای مدل سیم‌هاید برای شبیه‌سازی دبی جریان}, abstract_fa = {بهینه‌سازی پارامترهای مدل‌های هیدرولوژیکی بارش – رواناب، برای واسنجی این مدل‌ها حائز اهمّیّت است. هدف از واسنجی مدل، تعیین ارزش بهینة پارامترهای مدل است تا بهترین تناسب بین دبی جریان مشاهداتی و شبیه‌سازی‌شده به دست آید. انتخاب روش مناسب، نقش مهمّی در واسنجی پارامترهای مدل‌های هیدرولوژیکی دارد. در این پژوهش، کارایی تکنیک‌های بهینه‌سازی برای واسنجی مدل مفهومی بارش - رواناب سیم‌هاید در حوضة آبخیز خرم‌آباد با مساحت 2467 کیلومترمربع برای شبیه‌سازی دبی جریان، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. این تکنیک‌ها شامل الگوریتم‌های ژنتیک، تکامل رقابتی جوامع، نمونه‌گیری تصادفی یکنواخت و الگوریتم روزنبرک هستند. نتایج نشان داد که تغییر الگوریتم‌های بهینه‌سازی در دقّت واسنجی مدل مفهومی تأثیر قابل توجّهی دارد. به طوری که ارزش تابع نش ساتکلیف برای الگوریتم‌های مورد استفاده به ترتیب 73/0، 72/0، 70/0 و 75/0 به دست آمد. الگوریتم روزنبرک در مقایسه با سایر الگوریتم‌ها از دقّت بیشتری برخوردار است؛ بنابراین مدل هیدرولوژیکی سیم‌هاید با استفاده از الگوریتم روزنبرک برای شبیه‌سازی دبی جریان دورة زمانی 2008-2004 واسنجی و برای دورة زمانی 2010-2009 صحّت‌سنجی شد. ضرایب آماری NS، RMSE و R برای دورة واسنجی به ترتیب 73/0، 66/0 و 86/0 و برای دورة صحّت­سنجی به ترتیب 68/0، 80/0 و 83/0 به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که الگوریتم‌های بهینه‌سازی در مدل سیم‌هاید دقّت بالایی برای تعیین مقادیر بهینة پارامترهای مدل دارند و مدل برای شبیه‌سازی رواناب منطقة مورد مطالعه از کارایی مناسبی برخوردار است؛ بنابراین با استفاده از مدل‌های هیدرولوژیکی و انتخاب تکنیک بهینه‌سازی مناسب، می­توان با دقّت بالاتری دبی جریان حوضه‌های آبخیز را شبیه‌سازی کرد.}, keywords_fa = {رواناب,شبیه‌سازی,خرم‌آباد,مدل‌های هیدرولوژیکی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_556.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_556_96b7d900934ebaccaca4f32b9722d30a.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahnaz, Hosseini and Mostafa, Ghadami}, title = {An Analysis on Tendency Components on Strategic Approach in the Process of Urban Planning in Iran}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {81-95}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract Strategic approach is a new approach to urban planning theory that has replaced approaches such as Centralized and systematic planning in the early seventies of the twentieth century. Cycle approach, process and partnership, as an appropriate model, can replace centralized approach to comprehensive planning features uncompromising and unrealistic used in developing countries, including our country. A collection of study library and reference documents relevant original research were used. Moreover, experts’ points of view were applied to evaluate the research of survey questionnaires and interviews. It is worth noting that some surveys were in writing format (using email), while some were done in person. After the polls and editing them, different opinions were categorized and analyzed. Furthermore, one sample T and linear regression analysis and logarithmic are used to analyze the data statistically. The research findings reveal that Attitude - Knowledge Factors based on expert opinion is obtained due to the low base for its difference from the average trend toward greater priority to strategic planning and secondly, the fourth component of the attitude - knowledge, normative - behavior, communication and formal - institutional significant affect the process of change and acceptance of Iran's strategic approach directly in urban planning. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Urbanization and the subsequent problems of urbanization emphasize the attention to strategy and useful remedy more than before in order to improve the lives of citizens. In this regard, urban master plan was presented to promote urban conditions, control urban development, economic and social trends in different parts of the synchronization system, according to Environmental Quality and spheres of influence based on understanding the natural, social, economic cities. Unfortunately, this plan has not been successful in achieving their goals, for the initial patterns of these projects is understanding the patterns and experiences of other countries. Although these designs with the technical preparations have been prepared, and the positive effects of zoning and building rules, regulations and the improvement of urban life, they could not achieve the goals due to various reasons. As existing studies suggest, comprehensive plans have achieved less than 60% of their goals in most of the cities. In this regard, accompanied by the shortcomings and problems caused by urban development plan based on a holistic approach and focus, organization and management entities also face  problems in decision making process. Studying the basic principles of management with respect to the barriers to changes, it can be deduced that changes to improve performance management organizations at every level needs to identify obstacles and routes. However, by extending this concept to cities and urban management, as influential organizations in the management and urban planning, major obstacles can be seen, especially in Third World cities. Besides, according to the needs and issues in our country, not only in the planning of urban development but also in management, there is a need for serious changes to concede interested transition to flexible approaches, and strategic partnerships.  Strategic approach is a new approach to urban planning theory that has replaced the approaches such as Centralized and systematic planning in the early seventies of the twentieth century. Cycle approach, process and partnership as an appropriate model can replaced centralized approach to comprehensive planning features uncompromising and unrealistic used in developing countries, including our country. 2-Materials and Methods The required data and information were collected in two ways, including measuring and library survey. The survey questionnaire was used, too. Analytical data from the ideas of 30 experts related to the field of study were collected. Besides the statistical models are used to analyze the data obtained from single-sample T (One T sample test) and linear regression analysis (Linear. R) and logarithmic (Logarithmic. R). 3-Results and Discussion  The results show that institutional measures to do the strategic planning and management (mean- 0/71505), degree of connectivity (with mean- 0/822), the norms and behaviors (with a mean difference of- 0/93548), and the standard of knowledge - attitude (with mean1 /14516) effective strategic planning role, which according to it can contribute to sustainable urban development. However, today we see that in developed countries, the strategic plan has been replaced by the comprehensive plan. Such an approach is needed to overcome the obstacles to reach this bottom-up participatory approach. 4-Conclusion   The research findings signify the attitude - knowledge factors based on expert opinion obtained due to the low base for its difference from the average trend toward greater priority to strategic planning and secondly, the fourth component of the attitude - knowledge, normative - behavior, communication and formal - institutional significant effect directly on the process of change and acceptance of Iran's strategic approach in urban planning.}, keywords = {Urbanization,urban development plans,strategic planning,urban planning process in Iran}, title_fa = {تحلیلی بر مؤلّفه های گرایش به رویکرد استراتژیک در فرایند برنامه ریزی شهری در ایران}, abstract_fa = {رویکرد استراتژیک، رویکردی نوین در راستای نظریّه­پردازی در برنامه­ریزی شهری است که از اوایل دهة هفتاد قرن بیستم، جایگزین رویکردهایی چون برنامه­ریزی متمرکز و سیستمی شده است. رهیافتی چرخه­ای، فرایندی و مشارکتی که به عنوان الگوی مناسب می­تواند جایگزین رویکرد برنامه­ریزی جامع متمرکز با ویژگی­های غیر قابل انعطاف و غیر واقع‌گرایانة آن در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، از جمله کشور ما، قرار گیرد. برای جمع‌آوری پیشینه و مبانی نظری موضوع مورد مطالعه، از اسناد کتابخانه‌ای و مراجع اصیل مرتبط با موضوع مورد پژوهش، استفاده ‌شده است؛ همچنین جهت سنجش افکار و نظرات کارشناسان پژوهش از روش پیمایشی به دو صورت پرسشنامه و مصاحبه استفاده‌ شده است. شایان‌ ذکر است که برخی از نظرسنجی‌ها به ‌صورت کتبی (استفاده از پست الکترونیک) و برخی نیز به ‌صورت حضوری انجام شد. پس از مرحلة نظرسنجی و ویرایش آنها، نظرات مختلف دسته‌بندی و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.جهت تحلیل داده­های پژوهش، از آزمون آماری t تک­نمونه­ای و تحلیل‌های رگرسیونی خطّی و لگاریتمی استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می­دهد عامل نگرشی - دانشی بر مبنای نظر کارشناسان، با توجّه به میزان اختلاف، از میانگین مبنای پایین به دست آمده برای آن از اولویّت بیشتری جهت گرایش به سمت برنامه­ریزی استراتژیک دارد و ثانیاً هر 4 مؤلّفة نگرشی - دانشی، هنجاری - رفتاری، ارتباطی و نهادی - رسمی تأثیر مستقیم و معناداری بر فرایند تغییر و پذیرش رویکرد استراتژیک در برنامه­ریزی شهری ایران دارند.}, keywords_fa = {شهرنشینی,طرح های توسعة شهری,برنامه ریزی استراتژیک,موانع,فرایند برنامه ریزی شهری ایران}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_557.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_557_0cab6b96d8f6fb81eb36baa3cf736678.pdf} } @article { author = {Movahedi, Reza and Amiribavandpour, Nafiseh and Naderi Mahdeei, Karim}, title = {Factors Affecting the Agricultural Sustainability of Wheat Farms in Kermanshah County}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {97-111}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract Inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers in Iran has led to severe damages on soil and water resources; reduce the fertility and performance of the lands, environmental contamination, and damage to the ecological cycle of nature and health problems for humans, animals and the environment. Despite some planning and measures taken in this regard, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural sustainability and selection of the most suitable ways to move from the current status to the desirable situation remains essential. The main purpose of this study is to review the factors affecting agricultural sustainability on wheat farms in Kermanshah County. Based on a surveying method, the research statistical population consist of irrigated wheat farmers who were working agriculture in Kermanshah County. 300 farmers were selected based on Kerjcie and Morgan table. Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. In addition to the questionnaire, interview technique also has been used. The validity of indices and questions in the questionnaire was verified by a group of experts. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire a Chronbach alpha test was used and the calculated amount (0.82) showed an acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. To analyze data, a number of different tests in particular multiple regression were used through SPSS software. The results showed that the majority of farmers' farms (74.6%) were in the unsustainable situation. The results showed no significant relationship between age and education level with the sustainability of farms, but there was a significant relationship between performance and land ownership variables with the sustainability of agricultural farms. The results also showed that the improvement situation of sustainability, for Kermanshah farmers are under effect of variables like agri-technical, social and economic, and extension education respectively more than other factors. Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers in Iran has led to severe damages on soil and water resources; reducing the fertility and performance of the lands, environmental contamination, and damages to the ecological cycle of nature and health problems for humans, animals and the environment. For this reason economic, social and cultural development programs after the Iran's revolution, the necessity of addressing this issue according to the standards and principles of sustainable development was highlighted. Despite some planning and measures taken in this regard, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural sustainability, the main dimensions of it, the factors relevant to sustainability, and selection the most suitable ways to move from the current status to the desirable situation is essential. Kermanshah is one of the most suitable areas for the development of agricultural activities, especially wheat cultivation; but any planning for sustainable development of agriculture in this city, needs an awareness of sustainable agricultural indices. On the other hand, with regard to this issue that wheat production among various agricultural products is considered as a fundamental and strategic commodity and plays an important role in preparing people's food needs; therefore the main purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting agricultural sustainability on wheat farms in Kermanshah County.  2-Materials and Methods The main purpose of this study is to review factors affecting agricultural sustainability on wheat farms in Kermanshah County. The research statistical population based on a surveying method consisted of irrigated wheat farmers who were working agriculture in Kermanshah County. Of those a number of 300 farmers were selected based on Kerjcie and Morgan table. A questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. In addition to the questionnaire, interview technique also has used. Accuracy of indices and questions in the questionnaire or validity was verified by a group of experts. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire first 30 farmers completed the questionnaire then a Chronbach alpha test was used to calculate the results and it was 82 percent. To analyze data a number of different tests in particular multiple regression were used. 3- Resultsand Discussion Results showed that farmers' annual yield per hectare was 5.24 tones. The findings about the use of phosphate fertilizers (black) and nitrogen (White) also showed that farmers have used 100 to 300 kilograms per hectare of these fertilizers. About Potash fertilizer consumption, the majority of farmers (37.7 %) have used more than 200 kg per hectare. Findings from the use of pesticides and herbicides revealed that the majority of wheat has used one kg per hectare of these poisons. Results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the agro- technical factors, socio-economic factors and extension-educational factors as independent variables and dependent variable (the sustainability of agricultural farms). There was no significant relationship between policy and institutional factors with the sustainability of agricultural farms. This means that the sustainability of agricultural farms in the research region is not dependent to the policy and institutional factors. The results showed that the majority of farmers' farms (74.6%) were in the unsustainable situation. The results of correlations showed no significant relationship between age and education level with the dependent variable (sustainability of farms), but there was a significant relationship between performance and ownership variables with the sustainability of agricultural farms at level of one percent. The multiple regression results showed that variables include agri-technical, social and economic, and extension education factors could determine 50 percent of the agricultural sustainability variable. 4- Conclusion The results showed a significant relationship between the amounts of farms' sustainability and the yield per hectare, therefore it is recommended that the methods of sustainable farming be trained and educated to farmers with the aim of increasing yield per hectare and the farmers' income. Regarding to this result that the target farmers had a rather weak financial ability it is concluded that the governmental and non-governmental organizations should financially support the farmers by giving loans to those who operate according to sustainable agriculture items. In order to get better the sustainable farming operations, an extension and education course should be presented on farms about sustainable agriculture operations. Extension brochures and pamphlets also can be useful for better sustainable farming}, keywords = {Sustainability,Sustainable Agricultural,Wheat Farmers,and Kermanshah}, title_fa = {عوامل مؤثّر بر پایداری کشاورزی مزارع گندم در شهرستان کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {در ایران، استفادة بی­رویه از آفت­کش­ها و کودهای شیمیایی منجر به آسیب شدید به منابع آب و خاک، کاهش حاصلخیزی و عملکرد زمین، آلودگی محیطی، صدمه دیدن چرخة زیست­محیطی طبیعت و مشکلات بهداشتی برای انسان، دام و طبیعت شده است. هرچند در این زمینه برنامه­ریزی و اقدامات مختلفی صورت گرفته، امّا برای پی­ریزی مطمئن­تر این مسئله، ارزیابی و شناخت علمی پایداری کشاورزی و انتخاب مناسب­ترین راه­های برای حرکت از وضع موجود به وضعیّت مطلوب ضروری است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی عوامل مؤثّر بر پایداری کشاورزی مزارع گندم در شهرستان کرمانشاه است. جامعة آماری پژوهش که به صورت پیمایشی انجام شد شامل مجموعة گندم­کاران آبی بود که در شهرستان کرمانشاه به کشاورزی اشتغال داشته و از این تعداد 300 نفر از طریق نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. پرسشنامه، مهم­ترین ابزار جمع­آوری اطّلاعات در پژوهش حاضر بود. در کنار پرسشنامه، از تکنیک مصاحبه نیز استفاده شد. روایی شاخص­ها و گویه­ها در پرسشنامه توسّط متخصّصان فن مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. برای بررسی پایایی ابزار پژوهش، ضریب آلفای کرونباخ آن محاسبه گردید که مقدار به دست آمده (82/0) نشان­دهندة پایایی قابل قبول پرسشنامه بود. در بخش تحلیل داده­ها روش­های مختلف آماری به­وی‍ژه رگرسیون چندگانه با استفاده از نرم­افزار SPSS به کار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که مزارع بیشتر کشاورزان (6/74%) در وضعیّت ناپایدار قرار دارد. نتایج همچنین بیانگر آن است که بین میزان پایداری مزارع کشاورزان با متغیّر سن و سطح تحصیلات آنان رابطه وجود نداشته ولی با متغیّرهای میزان عملکرد و نوع مالکیّت رابطه مثبت و معنی­دار وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که وضعیّت بهبود پایداری مزارع کشاورزان در کرمانشاه بیش از هر عاملی به ترتیب از عوامل زراعی- فنّی، اقتصادی - اجتماعی و آموزشی - ترویجی تأثیر می‌پذیرد.}, keywords_fa = {پایداری,کشاورزی پایدار,گندم کاران,کرمانشاه}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_558.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_558_b5a8539cca9614dedea27cdff049ad42.pdf} }