@article { author = {Barati, Gholamreza and Ahmadi, Mahmood and Mirzaie, Ebrahim and pazhooh, farshad}, title = {On the Analysis of Relationship between Night Cloudiness and Warm Nights in Central Iran}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {1-11}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {As a major component of hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological functioning of rivers, suspended sediment has been identified as the leading direct cause of river instabilities. Therefore, recognizing the variability of rivers is essential to manage water resources and environmental issues. As a result, 5 storms were sampled and analyzed for 4 months in Mereg watershed from 2015 to 2016. Sampling was taken in 2 hours interval and suspended sediment concentration was obtained in the laboratory by filtration method. Estimation of temporal variation of suspended sediment during storm was carried out using sediment rating curves. Different approaches were used to prepare sediment rating, including hysteresis pattern, hydrological and seasonal separation. Measured floods have the peak flows from 1.38 to 49.40 m3/s covering a suitable range of low to high peak flows in this river. Moreover, the peak suspended sediment concentration measured in these storms was from 1 to 15.2 g / l. The average suspended sediment load in the study period was 15,919 tons. Measurement of suspended sediment during winter and spring showed that the generation and transportation of suspended sediment in spring is higher than winter in the studied watershed. The fitted relationships on all rating curves was valid and had a determine coefficient higher than 0.5 and estimated error below 50%. The results show that rating curve can provide acceptable estimate of suspended sediment load in the Mereg River without the need for classification or segmentation of rating curve. Extended Abstract1-IntroductionSediment entrance into rivers causes many problems, including the reduction of reservoirs capacity by sedimentation and the increase of turbidity in water supply systems. In many catchments, short and intense precipitation events are responsible for a large part of the total sediment transport. Therefore, recognizing the variability in different scale of sediment supply, especially in flood scale, is considered very important to manage and understand the river and water structure systems. The lack of proper and adequate data has led to the use of sediment rating curves and regression relations to estimate suspended sediment loads, widely. Due to the lack of data or scattered data, it is very difficult to study suspended sediment in the rivers of Iran. The studying temporal variation of suspended sediment, especially during storms, to achieve sustainable river management is very necessary. The present study aims at investigating intra-storm and seasonal variations of suspended sediment during rainfall and assessing the sediment curve approach in estimating sediment load in storm base in Merg River watershed in Kermanshah province.2-Materials and MethodsMereg watershed with 1446 square kilometers area is located in the west of Iran, Kermanshah province. It is a relatively mountainous region with the average altitude of 1524 meters. The average slope of the basin is about 6%. The length of Mereg River to hydrometric station of Khers Abad is 121.34 km.To conduct the present study and to prepare suspended sediment and flow data, sampling of water and sediment was carried out at Khers Abad hydrometric station in two seasons, the winter of 2015 and the spring of 2016. At the time of rainfall, sampling was done simultaneously with runoff and rising water levels in the river at intervals of 2 to 4 hours. The method of filter paper was used to measure suspended sediment. Discharges associated with sediment samples were also calculated using the discharge- water stage relationship of the Regional Water Organization Station.Sediment curve approach was used to estimate suspended sediment. Separate curves for rising and falling limbs of hydrographs, seasonal data (winter and spring) and hysteresis patterns were developed and compared with sediment rating curve of the whole data. In addition to the coefficient of determination, the estimate relative error was also used to evaluate the sediment rating curves.3-Results and DiscussionFive events were chosen from January to May, 2016. Storms had a peak discharge of 1.38 to 40.49 (m3/s), which covers a wide range of low-to-high peak floods in Mereg river. The amount of rainfall is significantly different from 5.27 to 109 mm, as, it led to the average discharges with different values from 0.79 to 10.9 (m3/s). Different rates of discharge have led to different amounts of mean and maximum sediment concentration in these storms; as a result, the suspended sediment concentration ranges from 0.31 to 4.54 (gr/lit) and the maximum concentration from 1 to 15.5 (gr/lit) was obtained.The development of the hysteresis pattern of sediment showed that two events had the pattern of figure 8, and the other storms had a clockwise or anticlockwise pattern. All of the events were fitted well with a sediment rating curve with a high-level determination coefficient. The highest determination coefficient (96%) was for the event on 04/06/2016 and the lowest (57%) was for 04/13/2016.Due to poor estimates in its rising limb, the largest uncertainty (75.68%) was for the event of 04/13/2016. The relative error of events is less than 50%, except for the event of 04/13/2016. In addition, the sediment rating curve was established for all measured events in the study period, seasonal events and all the data. They were also evaluated based on the determination coefficient and estimation error. According to the results, the relative error of sediment rating curve of the total data is about 32% which is within acceptable range.The measurement of suspended sediment during the winter and spring season showed that the sediment transport rate in spring events is higher than winter events. Establishing the sediment hysteresis patterns showed that most of the measured events had a clockwise and anticlockwise pattern, indicating the dominance of one of the sources of sediment (hillslope or waterway) in each storm. Although, the fitted relationships on the total measured rainfall data have a determination coefficient greater than 0.5, the separation of the rising and falling limbs of hydrograph and developing sediment rating curve for them improved the determination coefficient but, it was not able to increase  the accuracy of the rating curves. The calculation of the estimation error indicates that there is no difference, and in some cases, the error is raised by creating a separate curve for the rising and falling limbs. Although the relative error and the difference between observed and estimated values ​​have increased with the hydrological separation of the rating curve, , the relative error is still less than 50%.The integration of all data has a rating curve with a lower determination coefficient than the rating curve of the each storm. The rating curve of seasonal data cannot affect the accuracy of rating curves or reduce the relative error.4-ConclusionDuring the study period, the hydrological regime of Merg River showed a lot of variability.Based on the analyzed samples, the total amount of suspended sediment transported during the study period (4 months) was 15919 tons. The sediment transport process in two measured seasons has almost the same pattern, according to the results, without data classification or separation; the rating curve can provide an acceptable estimate of the suspended sediment load.  }, keywords = {night cloudiness,warm nights,Percentile,minimum temperature,Central Iran}, title_fa = {تحلیل روابط ابرناکی شبانه و رخداد شب‌های گرم در ایران مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {شب، برای ساکنان ایران مرکزی به‌ویژه در دورة گرم سال، فرصتی برای استراحت و حتّی تکمیل فعّالیّت‌های روزانه مانند کشاورزی است. انگیزة انجام پژوهش حاضر، گرمایش جهانی آب‌وهوا و به دنبال آن افزایش کمینه‌های دما بود تا مشخّص شود ویژگی‌های کمّی شب‌های گرم در ایران مرکزی کدام است؟ و این شب‌ها به لحاظ مکانی – زمانی، چه روابطی با ابرناکی شبانه دارد؟ بدین منظور با استفاده از کمینه‌های روزانة دمای بازة 22 ژوئن تا 22 سپتامبر، متعلّق به 7 شهر برگزیده طی سال‌های 1978 تا 2009، آستانة دمای 4/25 درجة سلسیوس تعیین شد تا بر پایة میانگین صدک‌های 99 ام و نیز مقادیر ابرناکی شب‌های گرم، روابط آماری این دو متغیّر بررسی شود. نتایج نشان داد که 49، 31 و 25% از تغییرات مقادیر دمای شب به ترتیب برای شهرهای یزد، کاشان و سمنان متأثّر از ابرناکی شبانه000/0> است. شهر بم، با بیشترین فراوانی شب‌های گرم (در برخی سال‌ها تا 90 شب)، بیشترین ابرناکی شبانه و شهر کرمان با کمترین فراوانی شب‌های گرم، کمترین ابرناکی شبانه را داشت. همچنین نتایج، افزایش تدریجی فراوانی شب‌های گرم و ابرناکی شبانه را برای همة شهرها به‌جز اصفهان و کرمان تأیید کرد. }, keywords_fa = {ابرناکی شبانه,شب های گرم,صدک,کمینه دما,ایران مرکزی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_783.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_783_e2424214e451023276337fabc29ae939.pdf} } @article { author = {Aghabeigi Amin, Sohila and Mirzaei, Heidar}, title = {Measuring and estimation of suspended sediment variation using sediment rating curve approach in Mereg River}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {13-24}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {As a major component of hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological functioning of rivers, suspended sediment has been identified as the leading direct cause of river instabilities. Therefore, recognizing the variability of rivers is essential to manage water resources and environmental issues. As a result, 5 storms were sampled and analyzed for 4 months in Mereg watershed from 2015 to 2016. Sampling was taken in 2 hours interval and suspended sediment concentration was obtained in the laboratory by filtration method. Estimation of temporal variation of suspended sediment during storm was carried out using sediment rating curves. Different approaches were used to prepare sediment rating, including hysteresis pattern, hydrological and seasonal separation. Measured floods have the peak flows from 1.38 to 49.40 m3/s covering a suitable range of low to high peak flows in this river. Moreover, the peak suspended sediment concentration measured in these storms was from 1 to 15.2 g / l. The average suspended sediment load in the study period was 15,919 tons. Measurement of suspended sediment during winter and spring showed that the generation and transportation of suspended sediment in spring is higher than winter in the studied watershed. The fitted relationships on all rating curves was valid and had a determine coefficient higher than 0.5 and estimated error below 50%. The results show that rating curve can provide acceptable estimate of suspended sediment load in the Mereg River without the need for classification or segmentation of rating curve.  Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Sediment entrance into rivers causes many problems, including the reduction of reservoirs capacity by sedimentation and the increase of turbidity in water supply systems. In many catchments, short and intense precipitation events are responsible for a large part of the total sediment transport. Therefore, recognizing the variability in different scale of sediment supply, especially in flood scale, is considered very important to manage and understand the river and water structure systems. The lack of proper and adequate data has led to the use of sediment rating curves and regression relations to estimate suspended sediment loads, widely. Due to the lack of data or scattered data, it is very difficult to study suspended sediment in the rivers of Iran. The studying temporal variation of suspended sediment, especially during storms, to achieve sustainable river management is very necessary. The present study aims at investigating intra-storm and seasonal variations of suspended sediment during rainfall and assessing the sediment curve approach in estimating sediment load in storm base in Merg River watershed in Kermanshah province. 2-Materials and Methods Mereg watershed with 1446 square kilometers area is located in the west of Iran, Kermanshah province. It is a relatively mountainous region with the average altitude of 1524 meters. The average slope of the basin is about 6%. The length of Mereg River to hydrometric station of Khers Abad is 121.34 km. To conduct the present study and to prepare suspended sediment and flow data, sampling of water and sediment was carried out at Khers Abad hydrometric station in two seasons, the winter of 2015 and the spring of 2016. At the time of rainfall, sampling was done simultaneously with runoff and rising water levels in the river at intervals of 2 to 4 hours. The method of filter paper was used to measure suspended sediment. Discharges associated with sediment samples were also calculated using the discharge- water stage relationship of the Regional Water Organization Station. Sediment curve approach was used to estimate suspended sediment. Separate curves for rising and falling limbs of hydrographs, seasonal data (winter and spring) and hysteresis patterns were developed and compared with sediment rating curve of the whole data. In addition to the coefficient of determination, the estimate relative error was also used to evaluate the sediment rating curves. 3-Results and Discussion Five events were chosen from January to May, 2016. Storms had a peak discharge of 1.38 to 40.49 (m3/s), which covers a wide range of low-to-high peak floods in Mereg river. The amount of rainfall is significantly different from 5.27 to 109 mm, as, it led to the average discharges with different values from 0.79 to 10.9 (m3/s). Different rates of discharge have led to different amounts of mean and maximum sediment concentration in these storms; as a result, the suspended sediment concentration ranges from 0.31 to 4.54 (gr/lit) and the maximum concentration from 1 to 15.5 (gr/lit) was obtained. The development of the hysteresis pattern of sediment showed that two events had the pattern of figure 8, and the other storms had a clockwise or anticlockwise pattern. All of the events were fitted well with a sediment rating curve with a high-level determination coefficient. The highest determination coefficient (96%) was for the event on 04/06/2016 and the lowest (57%) was for 04/13/2016. Due to poor estimates in its rising limb, the largest uncertainty (75.68%) was for the event of 04/13/2016. The relative error of events is less than 50%, except for the event of 04/13/2016. In addition, the sediment rating curve was established for all measured events in the study period, seasonal events and all the data. They were also evaluated based on the determination coefficient and estimation error. According to the results, the relative error of sediment rating curve of the total data is about 32% which is within acceptable range. The measurement of suspended sediment during the winter and spring season showed that the sediment transport rate in spring events is higher than winter events. Establishing the sediment hysteresis patterns showed that most of the measured events had a clockwise and anticlockwise pattern, indicating the dominance of one of the sources of sediment (hillslope or waterway) in each storm. Although, the fitted relationships on the total measured rainfall data have a determination coefficient greater than 0.5, the separation of the rising and falling limbs of hydrograph and developing sediment rating curve for them improved the determination coefficient but, it was not able to increase  the accuracy of the rating curves. The calculation of the estimation error indicates that there is no difference, and in some cases, the error is raised by creating a separate curve for the rising and falling limbs. Although the relative error and the difference between observed and estimated values ​​have increased with the hydrological separation of the rating curve, , the relative error is still less than 50%. The integration of all data has a rating curve with a lower determination coefficient than the rating curve of the each storm. The rating curve of seasonal data cannot affect the accuracy of rating curves or reduce the relative error. 4-Conclusion During the study period, the hydrological regime of Merg River showed a lot of variability. Based on the analyzed samples, the total amount of suspended sediment transported during the study period (4 months) was 15919 tons. The sediment transport process in two measured seasons has almost the same pattern, according to the results, without data classification or separation; the rating curve can provide an acceptable estimate of the suspended sediment load.  }, keywords = {event,Hydrograph,Hysteresis Pattern,Mereg Watershed,Sedimentgraph}, title_fa = {اندازه‌گیری و تخمین تغییرات زمانی رسوب معلق با استفاده از رویکرد منحنی سنجه رسوب در رودخانه مرگ}, abstract_fa = {رسوب معلّق به عنوان یک جزء مهمّ هیدرولوژیکی، ژئومرفولوژیکی و اکولوژیکی، عامل مستقیم ناپایداری رودخانه‎ها شناخته شده است؛ بنابراین، شناخت تغییرپذیری آن در رودخانه‎ها برای مدیریت منابع آب و مسائل محیط‎زیستی امری ضروری است. به این منظور، تعداد پنج رگبار طی یک دورة 4 ماهه در سال 1395-1394 در رودخانة مِرِگ نمونه‎برداری و تجریه و تحلیل شدند. نمونه‎برداری‎ها، در فواصل زمانی دو تا چهار ساعته انجام گرفت و میزان غلظت رسوب معلّق در آزمایشگاه با استفاده از کاغذ صافی به دست آمد. تخمین تغییرات زمانی رسوب معلّق طی رگبار با استفاده از منحنی‎های سنجة رسوب صورت گرفت. رویکردهای مختلفی از جمله تهیّة منحنی سنجة رسوب بر اساس الگوی حلقه‎های رسوبی، تفکیک هیدرولوژیکی و مقیاس فصلی به کار گرفته شد. رگبارهای اندازه‎گیری‌شده دارای مقادیر دبی پیک از 38/1 تا 40/49 متر مکعب بر ثانیه بودند که دامنة مناسبی از دبی‎های پیک کم تا زیاد در این رودخانه را پوشش می‎دهد. همچنین غلظت رسوب حداکثر اندازه‎گیری‌شده در این رگبارها نیز از حداقل 1 تا حداکثر 2/15 گرم بر لیتر به دست آمد. میانگین بار رسوب معلّق در دورة مطالعاتی 15919 تن بوده است. اندازه‎گیری رسوب معلّق طی دو فصل زمستان و بهار در حوضة مورد مطالعه نشان داد که میزان تولید و انتقال رسوب در بهار بیشتر از زمستان است. روابط برازش‌شده بر تمامی منحنی‎های سنجه معتبر و دارای ضریب تبیین بالای 5/0 و خطای تخمین زیر 50% بودند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که منحنی سنجه در رودخانة مِرِگ می‎تواند تخمین قابل قبولی از بار رسوب معلّق بدون نیاز به طبقه‎بندی یا تفکیک داده‎ها ارائه دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {آب‎نمود,الگوی حلقة رسوب,رسوب‎نمود,رگبار,حوضه آبخیز مِرِگ}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_781.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_781_bbc593a1b132201eb5a02ea0c3a84b00.pdf} } @article { author = {Ashrafzadeh, Mohammad Reza and Salem, Sara}, title = {The Role of Local Communities in Conserving Endangered Species (Case study: Persian Fallow Deer in Khuzestan Province, Iran)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {25-38}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Nowadays, dispersal of Persian fallow dear (Dama mesopotamica) is restricted to the forests and woodlands near Dez and Karkheh rivers in southwestern Iran. However, there are no reliable data for the species from these regions in recent years. The present study aims to assess the knowledge of local communities and the importance of the endangered species from the perspective of the human communities. A total of 500 respondents belong to 27 localities (situated in Dezful, Shush and Andimeshk counties) surrounding the study area were interviewed representing different local communities. The respondents were selected randomly to avoid serious bias. The findings showed that more than 56% of the respondents did not even know that the fallow deer is one of the wildlife species in the study area. About 16.4 percent of people (mainly older people) claimed to have seen the species in natural habitats of Dez and Karkhe protected areas. Moreover, roughly 73 percent of respondents claimed that they have a high willingness to observe the Persian fallow deer in natural habitats of the study area. In this respect, more than half of participants are willing to pay from one to 1.5 dollars per one to observe deer in the protected areas. The majority of respondents (86.4%) believed that poaching and habitat destruction are the most important factors threatening the Persian fallow deer in the study area. Gaurenteed sustainable conservation is of high importance for most people (67.8%). The willingness to pay in order to establish a fund for conservation of Persian fallow deer was estimated between one to seven dollars annually. Raising community awareness of Persian fallow deer biology and its national and global importance, introducing the species as a flagship and using community-based management were recommended as suitable conservation strategies for the Persian fallow deer. Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Nowadays, it has been emphasized on the management approaches which interferes the local community in the decision processes introduced as an appropriate approach in wildlife management. Hereupon, achieving an estimation of local communities' awareness level and utilizing theirtraditional knowledge in safeguarding wildlife, is one of significant aspects. Persian fallow deer, as an endangered species, is naturally limited to the small range of habitat merely around Dez and Karkheh rivers in Khuzestan province (Iran). Nonetheless, there is no attributable information about the presence and the remnants of wild populations living in these areas. The preset study aims at assessing the level of local communities' knowledge in association with biological conditions of Persian fallow deer and also the protective importance of this species in these communities' sight in Dez and Karkheh protected areas. 2- Materials and Methods In the present study, statistical population includes 27 urban and rural settlements inside and around Dez and Karkheh protected areas. Sample size was determined by Cochran's sample size formula which was calculated 417 persons at 5% level of significance. In order to enhance the validity of the questionnaire, the data were gathered as written and verbal form from the experts in universities and other related organization who have specialty in the studied subject. 55 questionnaires were filled out by the studied statistical population to determine reliability of the questionnaires. Then, Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the questionnaire's reliability.Alpha was assessed around 0.84, which shows that the questionnaire has high reliability. 3- Results and Discussion From a demographic point of view, about 52.4% of respondents were women and residual percent 47.6 were men. About 40% of contributors, are in the range of 15 to 25 years old. From the literacy point of view, there were only 2.6% of the people illiterate and about 35% of contributors have academic education. 56.1% of contributors have no information about presence of Persian fallow deer in Dez and Karkheh protected areas. Furthermore, about 72.7% announced that they have so much inclination to see this species in the range of natural habitats of the province. According to willingness to pay, it was found that 54.3% of respondents have tendency to pay about 0.56 -1.12 USD (20000-40000 I.R Rials) in order to see Persian fallow deer, each time, and about 5.9% have tendency to pay about 2.23- 2.79 USD (80000-100000 I.R Rials) to see it once. According to contributors' opinion (32.7% of the people) sailing skin and horn, providing food (28.6%), recreational hunting (24%) and sailing meat (14.6%) have been the most important factors in hunting Persian fallow deer in the past. Accordingly, 45.5% of the responders believed that unauthorized hunting is the most important Persian fallow deer's threat factor. Habitat destruction (40.9%),hunting by wild animals (8%) and appearance of alien species (5.4%) are the other threat factors of this species which responders have mentioned. According to the most of contributors' opinion, assurance protection and species' sustainable survival are more important (68%) for them. The willingness to pay has been estimated about 0.84- 5.58 USD (30000 to 2000000 I.R Rials) per year in order to establish a trust fund for better preserving of this deer. According to the findings, a significant relationship has been estimated between gender and their desire to see fallow deer in the natural habitat of Dez and Karkheh (X2=24.922, df=4, p<0.01) as well as between type of occupation (Income level) and tendency to pay some money to see fallow deer for once (X2=63.159, df=12, p<0.01). Moreover, a significant relationship has been obtained between income level and the amount of desired payment as the annual membership fee to join the fund (X2=41.651, df=16, p<0.01), age and tendency to see fallow deer for once (X2=55.544, df=4, p<0.01), age and tendency of cooperation in the designed programs to preserve of fallow deer (X2=37.381, df=16, p<0.01) and level of protection importance of fallow deer and tendency to cooperate with the designed programs for protection of fallow deer (X2=197.043, df=16, p<0.01). 4- Conclusion Now, there is not enough information about Persian fallow deer in the natural habitat of Dez and Karkheh. On the other hand, it seems that protecting these species from extinction is one of the successes of wildlife management in Iran. Notwithstanding, Persian fallow deer is still as an endangered species due to its small size population. Hence, accessing to the sufficient knowledge of biological condition of these species in natural habitat is very essential. According to our findings, one of the considerable points is that about 56.1% of contributors, who are resident of surrounding areas of Persian fallow deer's habitat, have no information about the presence of this species in Dez and Karkheh areas. Nevertheless, high percentages of local residents have tendency to cooperate with the projects which increase the assurance of better protection of fallow deer. So, it can be obtained more success in protection of this species and habitat by considering approaches such as increasing different communities' awareness toward the biology of fallow deer and its protecting importance, introducing the fallow deer as a flagship species and utilizing popular supports for implementation of the plans.    }, keywords = {Dama Mesopotamica,Management,People's Participation,Local Communities,Dez and Karkhe Protected Area}, title_fa = {نقش جوامع محلّی در حفاظت از گونه‎های در خطر انقراض حیات وحش (مطالعة موردی: گوزن زرد ایرانی در استان خوزستان)}, abstract_fa = {گوزن زرد ایرانی، به عنوان یک گونة در خطر انقراض، به صورت طبیعی تنها به گسترة کوچکی از زیستگاه‎های پیرامون رودخانه‎های دز و کرخه در استان خوزستان محدود شده است. در حال حاضر، اطّلاعات قابل استناد چندانی در مورد وضعیّت بوم‎شناختی این گونه در زیستگاه‎های طبیعی در دسترس نیست. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، دستیابی به یک ارزیابی قابل اتّکا از سطح دانش جوامع محلّی و اهمّیّت حفاظتی گوزن زرد ایرانی در میان جوامع یاد شده است. به این منظور، با استفاده از 500 پرسشنامة پاسخ‎دار، همراه با مصاحبة حضوری و توزیع تصادفی - سیستماتیک، نظرات ساکنین محلّی شهرستان‎های دزفول، اندیمشک و شوش (27 مرکز جمعیّتی) دریافت شد. بیش از 56% مشارکت‎کنندگان از حضور گوزن زرد در پیرامون دز و کرخه آگاهی نداشتند. حدود 4/16% پاسخ‎دهندگان (عمدتاً افراد مسن) ادّعا کردند که گوزن زرد را در زیستگاه‎های طبیعی منطقه مشاهده کرده‎اند. حدود 73% پرسش‎شوندگان اعلام کردند که برای مشاهدة این گوزن در زیستگاه‎های طبیعی منطقه، تمایل زیاد یا خیلی‌زیادی دارند. بیش از نیمی از افراد سطح تمایل به پرداخت خود به منظور یک‌بار مشاهدة گوزن زرد را بین 40000-20000 ریال اعلام نمودند. بیشتر افراد (4/86%) مهم‎ترین عوامل تهدیدکنندة این گونه را، شکار غیرمجاز و تخریب زیستگاه می‎دانستند. تضمین حفاظت و بقای پایدار گوزن زرد برای بیشتر افراد (8/67%) از اهمّیّت زیاد یا خیلی‌زیاد برخوردار است. سطح تمایل به پرداخت به منظور تشکیل یک صندوق مالی برای حفاظت بهتر این گوزن، سالیانه مبلغی بین 300000-20000 ریال برآورد شد. در نظر گرفتن رویکردهایی مانند افزایش دانش جوامع نسبت به اهمّیّت زیستی و حفاظتی گوزن زرد ایرانی و معرّفی آن به عنوان یک گونة کشتی پرچم‎دار و استفاده از پشتوانه حمایت‎های مردمی می‎تواند موفّقیّت‎های بیشتری را در مدیریت گونه به دست دهد.  }, keywords_fa = {گوزن زرد ایرانی,مدیریت,مشارکت مردمی,ساکنین بومی,مناطق حفاظت‌شدة دز و کرخه}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_780.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_780_5c0a668bc7313ef367558e0ef06daa96.pdf} } @article { author = {Zarei, Abdol Rassoul and Moghimi, Moohamad Mehdi and Bahrami, Mehdi}, title = {Monitoring and Prediction of Monthly Drought using Standardized Precipitation Index and Markov Chain (Case study: southeast of Iran)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {39-51}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Drought is an inseparable part of climatic fluctuations which caused a lot of damages to different sections annually. Prediction of drought is recognized really useful in management of crisis and reduction of damages due to its the effect on different parts of environment, agricultural sections, natural resources, and wild life. In this research, monthly drought in 12 synoptic stations located in southeast of Iran during 1980 -2014 were calculated based on SPI index, Then, using Markov chain method, monthly drought during 2015- 2020 were predicted. Based on the results, in the most synoptic stations, normal, moderate dry and severe dry classes of drought have the highest frequency of occurrence. Transition probability matrix showed that, in all synoptic stations, probability of passing from a specific drought condition to the same drought condition and probability of passing from wet conditions to dry conditions were high, but the probability of passing from the dry conditions to wet conditions were low. Results of prediction in different synoptic stations with different of accuracy level (In Iran Shahe, Zabol, Zahedan, Bam and Saravan stations accuracy of prediction were 75%, In Jask, Kerman, Bandar Abbas and Shahr Babak stations accuracy of prediction were 79.1% and In Bandar Lengeh, Chahbahar and Sirjan stations the accuracy of prediction were 83.3%,) showed that, from 2015 to 2020 the normal, moderate and severe drought classes will be the highest probability of drought occurrence. In the study area, the classes of drought (from 1 to 7) are 13.3, 25.81, 26.74, 36.11, 4.75, 2.87 respectively and 0.69 percent of predicted months will be appropriated. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction  Drought is an inseparable part of climatic fluctuations which caused a lot of damages to different sections annually. Prediction of drought is recognized really useful in management of crisis and reduction of damages due to its the effect on different parts of environment, agricultural sections, natural resources, and wild life. Drought situations in the time series data of the region are evaluated to monitor the drought condition in a region. Basically, for a quantitative analysis of drought, a specific index is needed to determine wet and dry periods accurately. So far, various indices have been presented for the evaluation of drought that Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is one of the most important which is recommended as the indices to assess the severity of drought. 2-Materials and Methods  In the present research, SPI index , as one of the most widely used indicators to evaluate drought severity, drought severity classes in monthly time scale, were evaluated. To evaluate SPI index precipitation data series of 12 synoptic stations in southwest of Iran including Hormozgan, Kerman and Sistan and Balochistan provinces from 1980 to 2014 were used. Monthly drought classes for 2015-2020 were modeled and predicted  by using Markov Chain method, as an adoptable prediction method with discrete data (among the different methods of drought prediction) and usable to predict drought classes. In this study, drought classes based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Markov Chain method in 24 months (2013 and 2014 years) were predicted to assess the accuracy of predicted data. The predicted SPI classes were compared with observed SPI classes in mentioned 24 months. 3-Results and Discussion  The results showed that, in the most synoptic stations, normal, moderate dry and severe dry classes of drought have the highest frequency of occurrence. Transition probability matrix created for each stations showed that, in all synoptic stations, probability of passing from a specific drought condition to the same drought condition and probability of passing from wet conditions to dry conditions were high, but the probability of passing from the dry conditions to wet conditions were low. Results of prediction in different synoptic stations with different accuracy level (In Iran Shahr, Zabol, Zahedan, Bam and Saravan stations accuracy of prediction were 75%, In Jask, Kerman, Bandar Abbas and Shahr Babak stations accuracy of prediction were 79.1% and In Bandar Lengeh, Chahbahar and Sirjan stations accuracy of prediction were 83.3%,) showed that, from 2015 to 2020 the normal, moderate and severe drought classes will be the highest probability of drought occurrence. In the study area, the classes of drought (from 1 to 7) are 13.3, 25.81, 26.74, 36.11, 4.75, 2.87 respectively and 0.69 percent of predicted months will be appropriated,  while in almost all stations extreme wet and severe wet classes have the lowest frequency of occurrence. So far, Chahbahar, Jask, Kerman, Shahr Babak, Sirjan, Zabol and Zahedan stations will not be extreme wet situation during predicted 5 years. In other stations, the months with extreme wet class will be less than 3%. Based on accuracy analysis of predicted monthly drought classes in Bam, Iran Shahr, Saravan, Zabol and Zahedan stations accuracy of prediction was 75%, in Bandar Abbas, Shahr Babak, Kerman and Jask stations accuracy of prediction was 79.1% and in Bandar Lengeh, Chahbahar and Sirjan stations accuracy of prediction was 83.3%. 4-Conclusion Drought is one of the climatic phenomena and catastrophic events that has always been damaging human societies. Based on the growing needs and demands in the community for access to surface and sub-surface water resources in different sections, water resources management in the country will face a number of challenges in different fields, but these challenges will be more severe under the influence of drought occurrence. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, basic measures at the national level along with management solutions were taken to prepare this case. Therefore, drought prediction can be effective in managing the crisis and controlling the damages caused by drought. Results of this paper showed that in next five years, the situation of study area from the point of atmospheric precipitation is not suitable. Therefore, according to results, we need to pay more attention to future droughts and correct management of drought in order to reduce the effects and damages caused by drought.  }, keywords = {Drought,Standardized Precipitation Index,Markov Chain,Drought Prediction,Iran}, title_fa = {پایش و پیش‌بینی خشکسالی ماهانه با استفاده از شاخص استاندارد بارش و زنجیره مارکوف (مطالعه موردی: جنوب شرق ایران)}, abstract_fa = {خشکسالی یکی از بخش‌های جدایی‌ناپذیر نوسانات اقلیمی است که سالانه خسارات زیادی را به بخش‌های مختلف وارد می‌سازد. با توجّه به اثرات خشکسالی بر بخش‌های مختلف محیط‌زیست، کشاورزی، منابع طبیعی، حیات وحش و... پیش‌بینی آن می‌تواند برای مدیریت بحران و کاهش خسارات ناشی از آن مفید باشد. در پژوهش حاضر، خشکسالی ماهانه بر اساس شاخص استاندارد بارش در 12 ایستگاه موجود در جنوب شرق کشور طی سال‌های 1980 تا 2014 محاسبه گردید؛ سپس با استفاده از زنجیرة مارکوف اقدام به پیش‌بینی خشکسالی ماهانه برای سال‌های 2015 تا 2020 شد. طبق نتایج، بیشتر ایستگاه‌ها از نظر خشکسالی دارای وضعیّت نرمال، متوسّط و شدید هستند. ماتریس احتمال انتقال نشان داد که در تمامی ایستگاه‌ها، احتمال گذر از یک حالت معیّن به همان حالت و احتمال گذر از حالت مرطوب به خشک، زیاد؛ امّا احتمال گذر از حالت خشک به تر، کم است. همچنین نتایج پیش‌بینی در ایستگاه‌های مختلف با سطح دقّت متفاوت (در ایستگاه‌های ایران‌شهر، زابل، زاهدان، بم و سراوان، دقّت پیش‌بینی 75%، در ایستگاه‌های جاسک، بندرعباس، کرمان و شهر بابک دقّت پیش‌بینی 1/79% و در ایستگاه‌های بندر لنگه، چابهار و سیرجان، دقّت پیش‌بینی 3/83%) نشان داد که بیشترین احتمال وقوع خشکسالی طی سال‌های 2015 تا 2020 مربوط به کلاس‌های نرمال، متوسّط و شدید است و در سطح منطقة مورد بررسی کلاس‌های 1 تا 7 خشکسالی به ترتیب 3/13، 81/25، 74/26، 11/36، 75/4، 87/2 و 69/0% از ماه‌های پیش‌بینی‌شده را دربر می‌گیرند.  }, keywords_fa = {خشکسالی,شاخص استاندارد بارش,زنجیرة مارکوف,پیش‌بینی خشکسالی,ایران}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_784.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_784_5b800900cd11d347ffd635e1d8f11909.pdf} } @article { author = {Akbarzadeh, Peyman and Kaboli, Seyyed Hassan}, title = {Assessing the Socio-economic Effects of Reservoir Dam Construction, Case Study; Siahzakh in Divandareh, Iran}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {53-65}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {The socio-economic and environmental consequences of dam construction can be irreversible. The ecosystem of reservoir dams is only examined prior to the construction and the effects of post-construction are not investigated. The main purpose of this qualitative-quantitative research is to estimate the economical-social effects of siazakh dam on the people living in the surrounding area. The research’s statistical society in quantitative part includes the rural house supervisors (households). In this research, the whole population of 1659, including 350 family, was considered as the case study. By the Cochran formula, 183 of the households were determined, for including the error probability, 200 questionnaires were considered. Factor analysis and SPSS software packages were applied to analyze the data. The statistical society in qualitative part includes the councils (up and down streams), regional water office and village office (n=41). The mind map diagram technique, content analyzing and GIS software are used in order to analyze data. According to the results of a multi-criteria analysis, the most important positive effects of this project were improving the region's agriculture, providing drinking water, increasing the irrigated area, controlling the flood, increasing land value, improving tourism and the income level. The most significant negative impacts were forced displacement of upstream, the demolition of the main occupations of the upstream (livestock, agriculture), the creation of false occupations among residents, the destruction of mosques and schools, environmental damage and the cutting of trees and land ownership in upstream of the dam. The research shows the positive effects of the design on the bottom of the dam outweigh its negative effects, while the negative effects of the dam are more than its positive effects in the upstream of the dam. Irrigational cultivation in upstream of dam is decreased to half, while the area under cultivation got to 3.5 fold in downstream of dam. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Water is a socio-economic commodity and essential in development; so, the optimum use of water resources is important. Construction of the dam with changes in the ecosystem has wide socio-economic and environmental consequences. It is essential to study and evaluate these effects, as the impacts might be irreversible. The main purpose of this research is to estimate the economical-social effects of Siazakh dam on people living in the surrounding area. 2-Materials and Methods The case study (Siazakh Dam) is located 7 km southwest of Diwandareh and 92 km from Sannandaj city in Kurdistan province in the west of Iran; the methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical with an overall qualitative-quantitative approach. The research’s statistical society in quantitative part includes the rural house supervisors (households) living upstream and downstream of the dam. In this research, the whole population of 1659, including 350 families, was considered as the case study. By the Cochran formula, 183 of the households were determined, for including the error probability, 200 questionnaires were considered. The statistical society in qualitative part includes the councils (up and down streams), regional water office and village office (n=41) which were chosen by Census. The mind map diagram technique, content analyzing and GIS software are used to analyze data in qualitative part; in quantitative part, to analyze the data we utilized factor analysis and SPSS software packages. 3-Results and Discussion According to the results of a multi-criteria analysis, the most important positive effects of this project were improving the region's agriculture, providing drinking water to the area, increasing the area under water, controlling the flood, increasing land value, improving tourism and improving the income level. The most significant negative impacts were forced displacement of upstream inhabitants of the dam, the demolition of the main occupations of the upstream inhabitants of the dam (livestock, agriculture), the creation of false occupations among residents, the destruction of mosques and schools, environmental damage and the cutting of trees and land ownership in upstream. The research shows the positive effects of the design on the bottom of the dam outweigh its negative effects, while the negative effects of the dam are more than its positive effects in the upstream. With the drainage of the Siazakh dam which led to the transformation of the dam to a recreational center and solved the problem of water deficit, recreational and industrial centers around the dam have grown; consequently, the profitable people have attempted to demolish the pastures to increase their land areas because of the increase in the price of the land around the dam. Saedi (2012) evaluates the economic consequences of the construction of the Taleghan Dam, and states the changes in the climate surrounding the dam and the positive influences of the dam on the ranges; however, the influx of large non-owners to the areas around the dam, excessive use of natural resources, waste going those resources, and competition for capturing the lands are the impacts of the dam construction. Accordingly, his study shows the same results in different regions. From the residents perspective and based on the results of the study, in order to reduce the effects of compulsory passage of residents of the upstream, it is necessary to take the following actions: resettlement of these residents near their original location, compensation to compensate the residents and providing new jobs among these residents to compensate for traditional occupations which has been lost due to the construction of the dam. Scudder (2012) reported that in fair accommodation, compensation should be paid and various development plans should be made to compensate the resettlement. 4-Conclusion The results of this study showed that the positive effects of the dam on the lower side are higher than the upstream and its negative effects on the upstream inhabitants are more than the downstream. Based on the view of the residents of the upper reaches of the dam, the loss of houses, farms, gardens, pastures and livestock due to the dam construction, is not compensated by existing arrangements. Buying the right of ownership and customary rights of upstream utilities cannot have a significant effect on the negative social and economic impacts of the project, so a comprehensive plan for post-construction management needs to be developed and implemented before the project is implemented.  }, keywords = {Divandareh County,Siazakh Dam,Socio-Economic,Traditional Utilization}, title_fa = {ارزیابی اثرات اقتصادی - اجتماعی سدسازی و تأثیر آن بر نظام بهره‌برداری سنّتی (مطالعة موردی: سدّ سیازاخ شهرستان دیواندرّه)}, abstract_fa = {پیامدهای اقتصادی - اجتماعی و ‌محیطی سدسازی، ممکن است جبران‌ناپذیر باشد، مناطق اجرای سدهای مخزنی، قبل از احداث بررسی می شوند و اثرات بعدی مورد پژوهش قرار نمی‌گیرد. این پژوهش، با هدف ارزیابی اثرات احداث سدّ سیازاخ بر روستاهای تحت تأثیر آن انجام پذیرفت. جامعة آماری در بخش کمّی تحقیق شامل روستاییان سرپرست خانوار بالادست و پایین‌دست سد بود. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعیین و تعداد 200 پرسشنامه تکمیل و مقایسة نگرش ساکنین و تحلیل عاملی صورت گرفت. در بخش کیفی، اعضای شوراها، ادارة آب منطقه‌ای و دهیاری‌ها (41 = N) به صورت سرشماری مطالعه و به منظور تحلیل داده‌ها از فنّ تدوین نقشه‌های ذهنی، تحلیل محتوا و سامانة اطّلاعات جغرافیایی استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج تحلیل چندمعیاره، مهم‌ترین اثرات مثبت این طرح عبارت‌ بود از بهبود کشاورزی منطقه، تأمین آب شرب منطقه، افزایش سطح زیر کشت آبی، کنترل سیلاب، افزایش ارزش زمین، بهبود گردشگری و بهبود سطح درآمد خانوارهای پایین‌دست و مهم‌ترین اثرات منفی نیز عبارت بود از: کوچ اجباری ساکنین بالادست سد، از بین رفتن مشاغل ساکنین بالادست سد (دامداری، کشاورزی)، ایجاد شغل‌های کاذب، از بین رفتن مساجد و مدارس، خسارات زیست‌محیطی و قطع درختان و تملّک اراضی در بالادست سد. بر اساس نتایج، حاصل اثرات مثبت طرح در پایین‌دست سد نسبت به اثرات منفی آن بیشتر و در بالادست سد برعکس بود. کشت آبی به عنوان یک معیار اثرگذار اقتصادی در بالادست سد به نصف کاهش یافته در حالی که در پایین‌دست سد، سطح زیر کشت آبی 5/3 برابر شده است.  }, keywords_fa = {اقتصادی - اجتماعی,سدّ سیازاخ,شهرستان دیواندرّه,بهره‌برداری سنّتی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_785.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_785_2c61879636e9af4c6635cf4e4f64a56b.pdf} } @article { author = {Shabani, Arsalan and Habibzadeh, Nader and Hosseini Ghomi, Mir Mohsen}, title = {Prioritization of Potential Linkages among Protected Areas in East Azerbaijan}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {67-82}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {As a major threat to biodiversity, habitat fragmentation has increased the local extinction of species due to a function of inbreeding and demographic stochastic factors. Creating or maintaining of corridors among core areas of protected areas decreases the negative impacts of fragmented habitat. This study attempts to prioritize wildlife linkage areas among current protected areas of East Azerbaijan based on the biological importance and threat-opportunity. The prioritization process was done through assembling stakeholders’ opinions. Then, for the highest priority linkage, the focal species that are sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation were determined based on the ideas of environmental officials. The distribution maps of focal species (Persian leopard, lynx, ibex, wild sheep, and two reptile species) were modeled based on four different modelling techniques: GLM, MARS, MaxEnt, and RF using species presences. Although all of the individual models showed good overall prediction accuracy for Persian leopard and ibex; MaxEnt and RF models indicated a good discrimination ability for wild sheep and only RF for lynx. However, no models had good prediction accuracy for reptiles (Coluber and Vipera; AUC < 0.7). Models with good discriminate accuracy are finally summarized in an ensemble forecasting approach to estimate the distribution of suitable habitats for the species of interest. To identify potential routes among the protected areas, GIS methods we used (CorridorDesigner package) to identify a biologically best corridor for each focal species to move among these protected blocks. The findings of the present study indicated that making corridors among Marakan-Kiamaky protected areas is the first priority that is followed by identification of corridors between Dizmar-Kiamaky linkage. The delineated corridors for the highest priority linkage were consistent with field observations of Tabriz environmental officials from animal movements gathered for several years. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Habitat loss and fragmentation are the leading threats to biodiversity. These threats can be mitigated by conserving well-connected networks of large wildland areas where natural ecological and evolutionary processes operate over large spatial and temporal scales. Large wildland blocks connected by corridors can maintain top-down regulation by large predators, natural patterns of gene flow, pollination, dispersal, energy flow, nutrient cycling, inter-specific competition, and mutualism. Corridors allow ecosystems not only to recover from natural disturbances such as fire or flood, but also to respond to human-caused disturbance such as climate change and invasions by exotic species. Although East Azerbaijan has hopefully conserved vast wildlands, they are suffering from lack of interconnection due to habitat loss and fragmentation that is basically inherited from human mismanagement. In this study, we used a scientific approach to design a corridor (Linkage Design) that will conserve and enhance wildlife movement for the highest priority linkage between two preserved wildlands in East Azerbaijan. 2-Materials and Methods To begin the process of designing this linkage, because of resource limitations especially for conservation measures, the potential linkages have been first identified and prioritized in East Azerbaijan landscape. Since conserving a linkage requires coordinated action by transportation agencies, the owners of conservation lands, donors, and others, we coordinated a one-day workshop in which land management agencies (forest and rangeland experts), wildlife management agencies, conservation NGO’s, transportation agencies from East Azerbaijan were invited. A rational and transparent prioritization procedure was developed to obtain the stakeholders’ agreement on a prioritized list. East Azerbaijan’s potential linkage areas were defined in terms of the protected areas they connect. Potential linkages have been ranked in two dimensions, namely biological importance and threat & opportunity. Linkages with high rankings in both dimensions became in the highest priority for developing and implementing linkage conservation designs. For both biological importance and threat and opportunity, 8 and 7 quantitative criteria were developed respectively, so that the process was transparent. By the end of workshop, up the scores of biological importance and threat & opportunity of each participant were summed up to identify the highest potential linkage. In the next step, we worked with biologists who know the analysis area to select several focal species that collectively would serve as an umbrella for all native species and ecological processes. These focal species that likely possess some certain characteristics including 1) area-sensitive, 2) habitat specialists, 3) conservation status, 4) sensitive to barriers, 5) umbrella were chosen to corridor design. The distribution maps of focal species were modeled based on four different modelling techniques using species presences. Models with good discriminate accuracy are finally summarized in an ensemble forecasting approach to estimate the distribution of habitats suitable for species of interest as the main input for corridor design. To identify potential corridors among existing conservation areas, GIS methods were used (CorridorDesigner package) to identify a biologically best corridor for each focal species to move from high priority linkage. 3-Results and Discussion The findings of the present study indicated that making corridors among Marakan-Kiamaky protected areas is in the first priority followed by identification of corridors between Dizmar-Kiamaky linkage. The delineated corridors for the highest priority linkage were consistent with field observations of Tabriz environmental officials from animal movements gathered during several years. The intersection of two high traffic roads i.e. Marand-Jolfa and Ivughli-jolfa with identified corridors may impede animal movement among Marakan and Kiamaky protected areas which leads to high mortality rate of car collisions. The identified corridor for Armenian wild sheep is highly degraded due to Aras Free Trade-Industrial Zone. Although, the southern corridors for other focal species (leopard, lynx, and ibex) have good topographic conditions, the fragmentation by two mentioned roads makes main challenges for animal movement.  But a few simple enhancements, such as underpasses and overpass along roads and railroads, and restoring vegetation in the degraded parcels, would greatly enhance utility of this corridor. While acknowledging the challenges and costs, we believe that conserving and enhancing this linkage is achievable. Certainly without prompt and strong action to shape development in the linkage design, this linkage will be lost within a few years. 4-Conclusion Although the occurrence of basic habitat models have some shortcoming due to lack of considering of mating and dispersal movements, they are of great importance to corridor design when genetic data are not available.  However, using species distribution models as a robust tool for conservation efforts depends completely on the availability of reliable and long-term species occurrences. Thus, we would recommend that Department of Environment or others agencies as the responsible representatives to natural recourses management and conservation must develop and organise online biodiversity database like global biodiversity information facility (GBIF) but in national level.      }, keywords = {Fragmentation,Habitat Linkage,Habitat Suitability,Corridor,East Azerbaijan}, title_fa = {تعیین اولویّت کریدورهای حیات وحش بین مناطق حفاظت‌شدة استان آذربایجان شرقی}, abstract_fa = {تکّه‎تکّه شدن و انزوای زیستگاه‎ها به عنوان یکی از بزرگ‌ترین تهدیدهای تنوّع زیستی، خطر انقراض محلّی گونه‎ها را به خاطر عوامل درون‎آمیزی و حوادث تصادفی جمعیّت‎شناختی افزایش می‎دهد. این امر، توانایی جابه‌‌جایی جمعیّت‎ها را نیز در پاسخ به آشفتگی‎های زیستگاهی محدود می‎کند. با ایجاد یا حفاظت از مسیرهای ارتباطی بین هسته‌های طبیعی، می‌‌توان اثرات منفی تکّه‌تکّه شدن زیستگاه را کاهش داد. در این مطالعه، با به‌کارگیری معیارهای زیستی و تهدید - ‎فرصت‎ها و بر اساس هم‌آرایی گروه‎های مختلف ذی‎نفع در تصمیمات حفاظت محیط‎زیست، مسیرهای ارتباطی بالقوّة تنوّع زیستی در استان آذربایجان شرقی اولویّت‎بندی شدند. برای مسیر با بالاترین اولویّت ارتباطی، گونه‎های حسّاس به تخریب و تکّه‎تکّه شدن زیستگاه از نظر کارشناسان ادارة کلّ حفاظت محیط‎زیست مشخّص گردید. مدل‎سازی مطلوبیت زیستگاهی برای گونه‎های مار (جنس‎های وایپر و کلوبر)، پلنگ، سیاه‎گوش، کل و بز و قوچ و میش با کمک چهار مدل آماری جی.ال.ام.، ام.آی.آر.اس.، مکسنت و آر.اف. و استفاده از داده‎های حضور گونه‎ها صورت گرفت. اگرچه صحّت پیش‎یابی تمامی چهار مدل در مورد پلنگ و کل و بز خوب بود ولی در مورد قوچ و میش مدل‌های مکسنت و آر.اف. و برای سیاه‎گوش نیز تنها مدل آر.اف. صحّت پیش‎یابی خوبی نشان دادند. در مورد گونه‎های مار، هیچ مدلی از صحّت پیش‎یابی خوبی برخوردار نبود (آی.یو.سی. < 7/0). با واردسازی نتایج این چهار مدل در یک مدل اجماعی، نقشه‎های مطلوبیت زیستگاهی گونه‎ها تهیّه گردید. با کمک نقشه‎های مطلوبیت زیستگاهی به دست آمده و به‌کارگیری بستة جانبی طرّاحی کریدور در محیط آرک.جی.آی.اس.، طرّاحی کریدور مناسب از دیدگاه گونه‎های انتخاب‌شده صورت گرفت. بر اساس نتیجة به دست آمده، لزوم ایجاد کریدورهای ارتباطی بین پناهگاه حیات وحش کیامکی و منطقة ‎حفاظت‎شدة مراکان در اولویّت اوّل استانی و منطقة حفاظت‎شدة دیزمار و پناهگاه‎ حیات وحش کیامکی در اولویّت بعدی قرار دارد. محلّ تعیین‎شدة کریدور بین پناهگاه حیات وحش کیامکی و منطقة حفاظت‎شدة مراکان با مشاهده‎های میدانی جابه‌جایی تنوّع زیستی هم‌خوانی نزدیکی را نشان داد.  }, keywords_fa = {تکّه‎تکّه شدن زیستگاه,ارتباط زیستگاهی,مطلوبیت زیستگاهی,کریدور,آذربایجان شرقی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_782.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_782_e59462e13fa5e2a84cdad91c4f08ddee.pdf} } @article { author = {gholami, ali and Moohamadzadeh, Fatemeh}, title = {The Assessment of Utility and the Role of Rural Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in West Azerbaijan Province}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {83-101}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {This is an exploratory and descriptive-analytical research. At first, this study aims to assess the status of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem. Moreover, it assesses the role of each sub-systems of entrepreneurship ecosystem in the emergence of the conditions. The data were collected from literatures and field surveys (questionnaire and observation).   The statistical community of current research includes local experts (such as members of Islamic councils of villages and villagers), which consists of 3108 people. 341 people were selected as the sample by stratified sampling using Cochran method. In the first step, one-sample T-test in SPSS software is applied to analyze  the questionnaires. The findings show that two subsystems, "Equity of Laws and Regulations" and "Entrepreneurship Education in Universities", are just significant at the level of 0.05 out of the 12 subsystems. Although these two sub-systems are favorable to the national pattern, but none of them perform well in the global model. As the second step, the role of each subsystems in the occurrence of existing conditions was analyzed using the factor analysis method in the LISREL software. It is observed that sub-ecosystems of "commercial and legal infrastructure" and "government programs for entrepreneurship" have maximum effect (by 91% and 75%), and the sub-ecosystem of "social norms" has the minimum effect (by 43%) on the performance of rural entrepreneurship ecosystem. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Due to determining entrepreneurship in the economic success of a country and shaping the spatial distribution of economic activities in national realm, investigating the entrepreneurial environment and its role in developing entrepreneurial activities is of great importance today. The reality of the villages in Iran shows that job opportunities are limited in rural areas of Iran, so that there is no hope for them in rural areas; hence they migrate to big cities. This suggests a different function of rural and urban ecosystems. Considering that the above conditions are in the villages of West Azarbaijan province, in order to identify and resolve some of these problems, the present article seeks to assess the utility of rural entrepreneurship ecosystem of the study area in comparison with the national and international model as well as the role of Each subsystem in its present condition.   2-Materials and Methods  This is an exploratory and descriptive-analytical research. The data were collected from library studies and field surveys (The GEM questionnaire was used). The statistical community of the survey includes local experts (members of Islamic councils of villages and villagers), in which 341 people were selected as the sample using stratified sampling. In the first step, one-sample T-test was used in SPSS software to analyze the data from the questionnaires. In the second step, using the factor analysis method in LISREL software environment, the role of each subsystems in the occurrence of existing conditions was analyzed. 3-Results and Discussion  The results showed that the performance of rural entrepreneurship ecosystems in the region, while largely conforming to its national model, is only available in two subsystems, "Balancing rules and regulations" and "Entrepreneurship education at universities". The view of local experts is better than its national model. However, compared to the global pattern, none of the 12 subsystems under consideration is optimal. Studied by government agencies and organizations, there are specific programs in rural areas supporting entrepreneurs in the field of financial and technical assistance. The villagers, on the other hand, do not have enough access to existing rural entrepreneurship programs which is due to lack of financial support sources for rural and limited entrepreneurs. The existence of government financial support for common bank loans, the absence of private investors in Rural Neighborhood and the lack of proper concentration of private and public sector in the creation of rural businesses and, consequently, low profitability of businesses in this sector and deprivation of possibility of supplying stocks to finance businesses, the undesirable nature of the underlying systems, is justified.  The other results show the lack of access to new and growing new and emerging business enterprises by risky investments, lack of priority of supportive policies for new and growing businesses for local government , weakness in government assistance through relevant organizations and institutions to new rural businesses, lack of attention to entrepreneurship issues, and the creation of new businesses in school curricula, the inability and accessibility of new businesses to New and up-to-date technologies, lack of access to new and developing businesses to professional and accounting services, the difficulty of entering businesses. New to new markets, the inability of new businesses to cover the cost of utilizing gas, water and electricity, sewage, etc., the lack of importance and attention of the community culture to self-sufficiency, autonomy and personal initiative, have the greatest impact. The results for rural entrepreneurship ecosystem indicate that among 9 sub-systems (in the form of 12 subsystems), sub-systems of "commercial and legal infrastructure" and "government programs for entrepreneurship" with the coefficients of 0.91 and 0.75, respectively, have the most significant and sub-systems of "social norms" and "physical infrastructure" with a coefficient of 0.43 and 0.49, respectively, have the least effect on the undesirable performance of entrepreneurial ecosystem rural areas in the study area. In other words, the subsystem "Commercial and Criminal Infrastructure" 91% and the sub-ecosystem of "cultural-social norms" account for 43% of the poor performance of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem. 4-Conclusion  In order to curb the poor functioning of the rural ecosystem, the region should be primarily built and strengthened by physical and soft infrastructure. This issue is heavily dependent on government policies and policies. According to the study area, this index has relative utility relative to other indicators. But it is necessary to pay particular attention to non-physical dimensions. In the economic sphere, due to the financial weakness of the villagers, the establishment and strengthening of rural lending enterprises, rural development institutions and sectors supporting the bodies of government agencies, such as banks and government departments will make the field of entrepreneurship education and the transfer of research and development, which is a shared responsibility of the government, university and private sector. This is more of a national problem than a local problem. In this regard, along with the need for the government to reform the educational system of the country, it can be done by providing entrepreneurship extension programs through active institutions in rural areas such as cooperatives and rural companies. On the other hand, with the establishment and strengthening of science and technology park in the province and the University of Urmia, it can be done by researching and developing it into rural areas and related businesses. Also, by creating centers for accelerating business in high schools and technical and vocational schools or promoting the use of virtual incubators, especially in rural areas with high schools and colleges, a major part of the issues of skills training Entrepreneurship and knowledge transfer to villagers.  }, keywords = {Entrepreneurship Ecosystem,Rural Entrepreneurship,Global Entrepreneurship Monitor,West Azarbaijan Province}, title_fa = {ارزیابی مطلوبیت و نقش اکوسیستم کارآفرینی روستایی در استان آذربایجان غربی}, abstract_fa = {بررسی محیط کارآفرینی و نقش آن در توسعة فعّالیّت‌های کارآفرینانه به دلیل تعیین‌کنندگی کارآفرینی در موفّقیّت اقتصادی یک کشور و شکل دادن به توزیع فضایی فعّالیّت‌های اقتصادی در قلمرو ملّی، امروزه از اهمّیّت زیادی برخوردار است. از این رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی وضعیّت عملکرد اکوسیستم کارآفرینی روستایی در گام نخست و مشخّص کردن نقش هریک از زیرسیستم‌های اکوسیستم کارآفرینی در بروز شرایط موجود در گام دوّم است. جمع‌آوری اطّلاعات، به روش کتابخانه‌ای و پیمایش میدانی (پرسشنامه و مشاهده) است و از آنجا که برای جمع‌آوری داده‌های مورد نیاز از پرسشنامة دیدبان جهانی کارآفرینی استفاده شده است؛ لذا جامعة آماری پژوهش، شامل خبرگان محلّی (اعضای شوراهای اسلامی روستاها و دهیاران) است که در مجموع 3108 نفر را شامل می‌شوند که با استفاده از روش کوکران تعداد 341 نفر به عنوان نمونه با نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌بندی‌شده انتخاب شده‌اند. در گام نخست برای تحلیل اطّلاعات پرسشنامه‌ها از آزمون آماری t تک‌نمونه‌ای در محیط نرم‌افزار اس.پی.اس.اس. استفاده شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که از میان 12 زیرسیستم مورد بررسی، تنها دو زیرسیستم «متعادل بودن قوانین و مقرّرات» و «آموزش کارآفرینی در دانشگاه‌ها» با 95% اطمینان، نسبت به الگوی ملّی دارای شرایط مطلوب هستند؛ امّا در مقایسه با الگوی جهانی، هیچ‌یک از زیرسیستم‌ها، عملکرد مطلوبی ندارند. در گام دوّم، با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی در محیط نرم‌افزار لیزرل نقش هریک از زیرسیستم‌ها در بروز شرایط موجود مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که زیراکوسیستم‌های «زیرساخت‌های تجاری و قانونی» و «برنامه‌های دولت برای کارآفرینی» به ترتیب با 91 و 75%، بیشترین و زیراکوسیستم «هنجارهای اجتماعی» با 43% کمترین تأثیر را در عملکرد نامطلوب اکوسیستم کارآفرینی روستایی منطقه دارد.  }, keywords_fa = {دیدبان جهانی کارآفرینی,اکوسیستم کارآفرینی,کارآفرینی روستایی,استان آذربایجان غربی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_789.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_789_3a540925442d7916083f46e86b2a9b78.pdf} }