@article { author = {Zolfaqari, Hasan and Rahimi, Hamid and Oji, Rohollah}, title = {Assessment the Effects of Climate Change on the Degree of Heating and Cooling Days of Iran}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {1-20}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Energy, as one of the most important environmental and economic sustainable development indices, is affected by the conditions of climate change. In addition, they are considered as the main factors of increase or decrease of fuel consumption and energy and the changes of cooling and heating degree-days. The quality controlled daily temperatures data of 44 synoptic stations across the country (1976-2005), as well as RCM simulations over the CORDEX were explored to evaluate the potential changes in heating and cooling degree-days due to climate change on Iran. Downscaled output of three RCM models of CNRM، EC-Earth and GFDL, with the spatial resolutions of 0.44 degrees under two emissions trajectories (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5), are applied in this regard. The model outputs simulate the increase of cooling demand in the horizons of 2020-2020 and 2040-2050. The highest increase is expected in the regions of the southern shores of the south and especially in the southeastern part of the country and in the central and milder parts of the north coast. It is expected to stabilize and reduce the need for cooling in the Alborz and Zagros ridgetop. In spite of the reduction in heating demand for the country, the horizons are foreseen. The highest decrease is expected in the mountainous regions of the Alborz, Zagros and Azerbaijan, and it is expected to stabilize and increase the need for heating in the southern and southern regions of the country, and it will be localized in the center and north coasts.  Conversely, heating need decreases in RCPs 8.5 at future years GFDL models output more than other models. Totally, the results represent that the need for cooling (increasing min 23% and max 47%) will be increased and heating needs (decreasing min 9% and max 17%) will be decreaseed in the last two cuts the horizons 2020 to 2030 and the 2040 to 2050 in both emissions trajectories RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Energy, as one of the most important environmental and economic sustainable development indices, is affected by the conditions of climate change. In addition, they are considered as the main factors of increase or decrease of fuel consumption and energy and the changes of cooling and heating degree-days. Generally, the need for heating and cooling by definition is the sum of difference between mean daily temperatures from a given threshold in certain periods of the year which is expressed in degree-days. Generally, if the average air temperature exceeds 21 degrees Celsius threshold value, the need to cool the environment will be created that day. If the average air temperature is less than 18 degrees Celsius threshold, on that day will need to warm the environment. 2- Materials and Methods The quality controlled daily temperatures data of 44 synoptic stations across the country (1976-2005), as well as RCM simulations over the CORDEX were explored to evaluate the potential changes in heating and cooling degree-days due to climate change on Iran.  In the study, two types of data, observed and simulated data, (past and future) are examined. The observational data is considered with past data CORDEX database from 1976 to 2005. The reason for the 30-year period has been related to following the principles of parametric data and fact of longevity or base on period of CORDEX data (1951 to 2005). Downscaled output of three GCM model of CNRM، EC-Earth and GFDL, with the spatial resolutions of 0.44 degree under two emissions trajectories (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5), was applied in this regard. Post processing error of the model was used To moderate. In general, the mechanism of action of regional circulation model  (RCM) is calculated using change factor in this case such as the difference or monthly ratio of simulations of regional circulation model in the future with the last period for heating and cooling degree-days which will be added to the data period last observation stations. 3-Results and Discussion The analysis results of  the cooling degree-days (CDD) show  that generally 65.9 percent of the stations have experienced a significant increase (in 0.95 sig level), 29.6 percent of the condition with no significant process and 4.6 percent with decreasing process. This change started in 1996 in the country, according to studies by the homogeneity test by Petit test. Regarding heating degree-days (HDD), generally, 56.8 percent of the stations observed a significant decrease (in 0.95 sig level) and 29.6 percent with no significant process. The downtrend at average form is calculated with the amount of Sens Slope 7.5 percent in the whole country. This change stated 1997 in the country, according to studies by the homogeneity test by Petit test. . Model outputs show that CDD will be increased in country especially in south, southeast, central and southwest of country in both RCP. The EC-Earth output under the trajectory of 8.5, indicates a further increase in cooling needs for the horizon in 2040 to 2050. Three models output, show that HDD will decrease all over the country, especially in the highlands, Alborz and Zagros Mountainous. Conversely, heating need decreases more, according to the GFDL models outputs. The results represent an increase in the need for cooling and heating needs of the country in the last two cuts of the Horizon from 2020 to 2030 and the 2040 to 2050 in both emissions trajectories RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. Overall, in the extreme condition in the decade of 2040 and 2050, about 13 percent of the area of country (approximately 297 thousand square km) will pass from the mean line. This suggests that reducing the need for heating will be more than of increase cooling needs. Overall, major changes in the temperature status of the country will occur in cold seasons. 4- Conclusion This study was based on data analysis of observed and simulated extreme values of temperature indicated that heating and cooling degree days of the country is changing. So, the degree-days of heating and heating needs are reduced, and degree-days cooling and the need for cooling is increasing. Of course, the changes in heating needs on the in 2020-2030s and 2040-2050s will be more than changes of cooling need. Leading the constraints and opportunities are created that can be cited to reduce the need for fossil fuels and the need for electrical power in the cold season.  }, keywords = {Heating and Cooling Degree Days,Climate Change,CORDEX,Emissions Trajectories,Iran}, title_fa = {ارزیابی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر درجه-روزهای گرمایشی و سرمایشی ایران}, abstract_fa = {انرژی به عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین شاخص‎های زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی توسعة پایدار، از شرایط تغییر اقلیم تأثیر می‌پذیرد ؛ افزون بر این، تغییرات درجه-روزهای سرمایشی و گرمایشی، از عوامل اصلی افزایش یا کاهش مصرف سوخت و انرژی به حساب می‌آید. به منظور ارزیابی پتانسیل تغییرات درجه-روزهای گرمایشی و سرمایشی کشور تحت تأثیر تغییر اقلیم، ابتدا داده‎های دمای روزانة 44 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور طی دورة آماری 2005-1976 استخراج شد؛ همچنین، داده‎های روزانة ریزگردانی دینامیک پروژة کوردکس با دقّت مکانی 44/0×44/0 درجه برای خروجی سه مدل منطقه‎ای سی.‎اِن‎.آر.‎اِم، ای.سی.اِرث و جی.اِف.دی.اِل، تحت دو خطّ سیر 5/4 و 5/8 واداشت تابشی استخراج شد. برونداد مدل‎ها، افزایش نیاز سرمایشی در افق‎های 2030-2020 و 2050-2040 را شبیه‎سازی می‎کنند. بیشترین افزایش در مناطق پست سواحل جنوبی و به‌ویژه جنوب شرقی کشور و مناطق مرکزی و به صورت خفیف‎تر در سواحل شمال قابل انتظار است و در مقابل وضعیّت ثبات و کاهش اندک نیاز سرمایشی در ارتفاعات البرز و زاگرس و کاهش نیاز گرمایشی برای کشور در افق‎های یادشده پیش‌بینی می‎شود. بیشترین کاهش در مناطق کوهستانی البرز، زاگرس و آذربایجان قابل انتظار است و در مقابل، وضعیّت ثبات و افزایش خفیف نیاز گرمایشی در مناطق پست و ساحلی جنوب و به صورت موضعی در مرکز و سواحل شمال قابل پیش‎بینی است. در مجموع، نتایج بیانگر افزایش نیاز سرمایشی (حداقل 23 و حداکثر 47 درصدی) و کاهش نیاز گرمایشی (حداکثر 9 و حداکثر 17 درصدی) کشور در دو افق 2030-2020 و 2050-2040 در هر دو خطّ سیر 5/4 و 5/8 است.  }, keywords_fa = {واژگان کلیدی: درجه-روزهای گرمایشی و سرمایشی,تغییر اقلیم,کوردکس,خطّ سیر انتشار,ایران}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_751.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_751_af42ec8f0f82e932065e7e5bfc270c6a.pdf} } @article { author = {Haghgow, Kamran and Rostami, Noredin and Heshmati, Mosayeb and Faramarzi, Marzban}, title = {Investigation of Desertification Potential Using IMDPA Model (Case Study: The Gandomban Plain, Qasr-e-Shirin)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {21-33}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Currently, desertification phenomenon is being spread throughout the world including Iran. This problem not only imposes the arid and semi-arid regions but also affects semi-humid regions. Desertification event is induced by both natural factor and improper anthropogenic activities. Therefore, combating desertification needs modeling the effective factors and characteristics. This study aims at evaluating desertification hazard using Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA) model which is adapted to the holistic model. This research is conducted at Gandomban plain, Ghasr-e-Shirin, Iran. However, quantities evaluation of desertification hazard is carried out based on three main factors including climate, water, and geomorphology. The factors comprise 11 indices. Each index estimated, mapped and prioritized based on its weighted mean using Arc GIS software. The result explored that the study area can be classified into three classes including low (5.38%), moderate (72.53%) and high (22.08%) indicating moderate class for the study area. The effect of climate on desertification was found moderate, while water and geomorphology factors share severe development of desertification event. By and large, the prioritized indices were found deficit of groundwater, geological formation and electrical conductivity (EC), respectively. In contrast, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and chloride were lower and neutral agents. It is concluded that the study area is suffering from desertification hazard inducing the shortcoming of groundwater phenomenon. Keywords: Desertification Criteria, Desertification Indices, IMDPA Model, Gandomban Plain, Iran Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Nowadays, desertification, as a problem, affects many countries, including developing countries. This problem is presented not only in arid and semi-arid areas but also in parts of semi-humid too. Despite the definitions with the same contents about desert and desertification in the world, a specific and unique method for classification of deserts and desertification rate estimation have not been presented yet. Perhaps the main reason for this difference is that the indices on environmental conditions and social and economic structures of various desert regions in the world are variable. The best way to determine the criteria or factors affecting desertification, in general, is regional and local models in the form of specific criteria and indicators of that area. 2- Materials and Methods Gandomban plain is a part of Qasr-e-Shirin city in the Kermanshah province with about 11445 hectares area which is the neighbor of  Iraq from North and West, from the south to the suburb of Qasr-e-Shirin located in the East of Dasht-e-Zahab village. IMDPA method is used in order to evaluate the potential desertification in the study area. According to this method, the intensity of desertification is evaluated by using three criteria: climate, water and geology and geomorphology as key criteria desertification. The geometric mean of annual rainfall, drought and the continuing drought indices are calculated as the climate criterion, the geometric mean of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), soluble solids in water, chlorine and fluctuations in groundwater level indices as water criterion and geometric mean of slope, formation erodibility and land use indices as geology and geomorphology criterion. Finally, using geometric mean of criteria, the potential final map of desertification was extracted. 3- Results and Discussion To determine the numerical value of the desertification intensity, and relevant degree, 4 desertification classes of low, moderate, severe and very severe selected based on the model and for each index a map was prepared according to the weighting method. Also for climate, water, geology and geomorphology criterion, relevant maps were drawn. Based on IMDPA model, desertification intensity map of Gandomban plain was obtained by overlapping information layers of climate, water, geology and geomorphology criteria and the potential desertification map of study area extracted. The intensity of desertification in the study area was classified into three classes: low (5.38%), moderate (72.53%) and severe (22.08%). Assessing the numerical value of indices showed that the groundwater depletion is the most effective factor in the severity of desertification in the study area. The weighted average potential desertification in the study area was 72.53%, which is placed in the moderate class of desertification. Evaluation and comparison of the criteria results showed that the intensity of desertification of climate criterion is in the moderate class. Besides, the intensity of desertification of water and geology and geomorphology criteria was classified as a severe class. Based on the results, the most important indices of desertification in Gandomban plain are decline of water level, formation sensitivity to erosion, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) in order. Soil stability of the region is severely damaged because of destroying the natural vegetation cover and lead to flooding and soil salinity of fields. On the other hand due to the high-level clay and silt in the soil of study area dust storm will become a problem in future. Another important reason of desertification is the excessive use of groundwater and drilling of numerous wells due to agricultural expansion and the use of traditional irrigation systems, which in recent years has led to a sharp depletion in the water table in the area reflecting as the main criterion of desertification in this study. 4-Conclusion According to the analysis and the results of the evaluation method used in Gandomban plain, IMPDA model with consideration of appropriate and relatively sufficient indicators in dry areas and due to simplicity and step-by-step ways, specific indices weighting method and using the geometric mean rather than sum or arithmetic mean in calculating the indices and also use of GIS in overlaying method for obtaining the final map of desertification is fairly accurate and can be used in similar areas to determine the extent of desertification, also if necessary the indicators can be modify based on the study area condition.  }, keywords = {Desertification Criteria,Desertification Indices,IMDPA Model,Gandomban Plain,Iran}, title_fa = {بررسی وضعیت بیابان‌زایی با استفاده از مدل ایرانی ارزیابی پتانسیل بیابان‌زایی (مطالعه موردی: دشت گندمبان، قصر شیرین)}, abstract_fa = {در حال حاضر بیابان‌زایی به عنوان یک معضل، گریبان بسیاری از کشورهای جهان از جمله ایران را گرفته است. این مشکل، نه‌تنها در نواحی خشک و نیمه‌خشک، بلکه در بخش‌هایی از مناطق نیمه‌مرطوب نیز دیده می‌شود. بیابان‌زایی مشتمل بر فرآیندهایی است که هم زاییدة عوامل طبیعی و هم نتیجة فعّالیّت‌های غیراصولی انسانی است؛ بنابراین، شناخت معیارها و شاخص‌های ارائة یک مدل برای نشان دادن شدّت بیابان‌زایی و تعیین عوامل مؤثّر برای جلوگیری از بیابان‌زایی، ضروری است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی پتانسیل بیابان‌زایی در دشت گندمبان شهرستان قصر شیرین با استفاده از مدل ایرانی ارزیابی پتانسیل بیابان‌زایی است. با توجّه به شرایط منطقه، از سه معیار اقلیم، آب، زمین‌شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی و 11 شاخص برای تهیّة نقشة پتانسیل بیابان‌زایی استفاده شد. در مرحلة بعد، شاخص‌های هر معیار در هر واحد کاری مورد ارزیابی و وزن‌دهی قرار گرفت. با بررسی میانگین هندسی شاخص‌ها و بهره‌گیری از فنّ جی.‌آی.‌اس، نقشه‌های مربوط به وضعیّت هر معیار تهیّه و در انتها از میانگین هندسی معیارها، نقشة نهایی پتانسیل بیابان‎زایی منطقه تهیّه گردید. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که منطقة مورد مطالعه از لحاظ شدّت بیابان‌زایی در سه کلاس ناچیز (38/5%)، متوسّط (53/72%) و شدید (08/22%) قرار می‌گیرد. ارزیابی ارزش عددی معیارهای مورد بررسی نشان می‌دهد که مؤثّرترین شاخص‌های بیابان‌زایی منطقه به ترتیب اهمّیّت، افت آب‌های زیرزمینی، حسّاسیّت سازند زمین‌شناسی و هدایت الکتریکی هستند و در مقابل، نسبت جذب سدیم و کلر خاک کمترین اثر را داشتند. متوسّط وزنی پتانسیل بیابان‌زایی در کلّ منطقۀ مورد بررسی 53/72% بود که در کلاس بیابان‌زایی متوسّط قرار می‌گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {شاخص‌های بیابان‌زایی,معیارهای بیابان‌زایی,مدل ایرانی ارزیابی پتانسیل بیابان‌زایی,دشت گندمبان,ایران}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_752.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_752_4a6fd818f99bc5435e8e6258b47a68de.pdf} } @article { author = {Safaee Pour, Masood and Maleki, Saeed and Hataminejad, Hosain and Modanlou Joebari, Masood}, title = {Evaluate and Measurement of Urban Prosperity Index (CPI) for Ahvaz of Metropolitan}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {35-47}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {The rapid growth and development of the city of Ahwaz has been encountered with many problems, such as the formation of marginal areas without a wastewater treatment system, the existence of various types of industrial wastewater, agriculture and home around the Karoon, and the presence of an undesirable phenomenon of dust. Considering the urban development of this region, it seems inevitable. Accordingly, the present study aims to measure, analyze and prioritize the urban areas of Ahvaz in terms of flourishing components. The concept of urban flourishing has different components: productivity, infrastructure, quality of life, social inclusiveness and environmental sustainability, which is very important for the realization of urban development. The data and data required in this research were collected using a questionnaire and a statistical questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, and GIS software was used to map the map. To determine the weight of the components, the comments of 30 of the experts were calculated using the APC method. The results of the Tapis model in Ahwaz, the 2nd and 1nd regions are fully flourishing, the 6th, 3rd and 8th regions are relatively prosperous, the 7th regions are in the low prosperity region, and finally the 4th area is in the category of urban flourishing. Are. Investigation of Pearson correlation coefficient between population dispersion and prosperity level in the city indicates that there is no effective relationship between the two variables.}, keywords = {prosperous,city,AHP,Topsis,Ahvaz}, title_fa = {ارزیابی و سنجش مؤلّفه‌های شکوفایی شهری در کلان‌شهر اهواز}, abstract_fa = {رشد و گسترش سریع شهر اهواز با مشکلات بسیاری همچون شکل‎گیری مناطق حاشیه‎نشین فاقد سیستم دفع فاضلاب، وجود انواع پسآب‌های صنعتی، کشاورزی و خانگی در اطراف کارون و وجود پدیدة نامطلوب گردوغبار روبه‌رو است. توجّه به توسعة شهری اهواز، ضرورت اجتناب‎ناپذیر به نظر می‎رسد. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف سنجش، تحلیل و اولویّت‎بندی مناطق شهری اهواز از لحاظ مؤلّفه‎های شکوفایی، تدوین یافته است. مفهوم شکوفایی شهری دارای مؤلّفه‎های مختلف بهره‌وری، زیرساخت، کیفیّت زندگی، دربرگیرندگی و شمول اجتماعی و پایداری محیطی است که در تحقّق توسعة شهری بسیار مهم است. اطّلاعات و داده‎های مورد نیاز در این پژوهش، با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه و آمارنامه جمع‎آوری شده است. داده‎های گردآوری‌شده، با نرم‎افزار آماری اس‌.پی‌.اس‌.اس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت و برای ترسیم نقشه، از فنّ ‎سیستم اطّلاعات جغرافیایی استفاده شده است. به منظور تعیین وزن مؤلّفه‎ها، نظرات 30 نفر از کارشناسان مربوطه با استفاده از فرایند تحلیل سلسه‌مراتبی محاسبه گردید که در میان آنها، مؤلّفة کیفیّت زندگی (0846/0)، بیشترین وزن ومؤلّفة دربرگیرندگی و شمول اجتماعی (0318/0) کمترین وزن را دارد نتایج حاصل از مدل تاپسیس در شهر اهواز، مناطق 2 و 1 کاملاً برخورداری از شکوفایی، منطقۀ 6 و 3 و 8 در ردۀ نسبتاً برخوردار از شکوفایی، مناطق 7 در ردۀ برخورداری کم از شکوفایی و در نهایت منطقۀ 4، در ردۀ محروم از شکوفایی شهری قرار گرفته‎اند. بررسی ضریب همبستگی پیرسون میان پراکندگی جمعیّت و سطح شکوفایی مناطق شهر نشان‌دهندة نبود رابطة مؤثّر بین دو متغیّر است.  }, keywords_fa = {شهر شکوفا,فرآیند تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی,تکنیک تاپسیس,کلان‌شهر اهواز}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_753.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_753_fa96892a1b13c924e35ab21f97d6e0ac.pdf} } @article { author = {Taabe, Marzieh and Ranjbarfordoei, Abolfazl and Mousavi, Sayed Hojat and Khosroshahi, Mohammad}, title = {Qualitative Study of Vegetation Resilience in Response to Long-Term Precipitation Changes (Case Study: Part of the Namakzar-e khaf Watershed Basin, South Khorasan Province)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {49-64}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Vegetation is one of the most important ecosystem components that is constantly being adapted or altered to the final balance under the influence of environmental factors. One of the most important signs of the health of the vegetation and the consequent ecosystem health is its ability to resilience after the removal of environmental turbulences. Although vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas has different methods for dealing with destructive forces, the continuity of these factors can disrupt the ability of vegetation to return to its original state after eliminating the destructive factors. The result will be the disease and, ultimately, the destruction of the ecosystem. Therefore, detection, prediction of ecosystem changes over time and management of such changes is of great importance. This research was carried out in the Namakzare Khaf watershed basin in South Khorasan Province with the aim of studying and qualitative determining of ecosystem resilience vegetation to severe changes in long-term precipitation and drought as environmental turbulences. For this purpose, the standardization of annual rainfall during the thirty-year period and the determination of the duration and severity of dry, wet and normal periods was performed with SPI method and then the ecological resilience of the vegetation was examined qualitatively based on the mean plot and Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) variance. These changes were studied using landsat satellite images in the final growth season of vegetation. Results indicate the mean ability to resilience and restore vegetation in the study area after the elimination of severe to medium droughts. According to the results, the ecosystem health of the studied area was confirmed on the basis of vegetation resilience, despite being located in dry land and facing severe droughts with continuity of two years and continuation of rainfall reduction compared to the mean for 6 years. Extended Abstract               1-Introduction Understanding the concept of ecosystem health, the indicators involved in it, and the interpretation of effective interactions in environmental sustainability are crucial for the proper management of renewable natural resources. Vegetation is one of the most important ecosystem components that is constantly being adapted or altered to the final balance under the influence of environmental factors. One of the most important signs of the health of the vegetation and the consequent ecosystem health is its ability to resilience after the removal of environmental turbulences. Although the vegetation of arid and semi-arid areas has different ways to deal with destructive forces, the continuity of these factors can disrupt the ability of vegetation to return to its original state after eliminating the destructive factors. The result will be the disease and, ultimately, the destruction of the ecosystem. Therefore, detection, prediction of ecosystem changes over time and management of such changes is of great importance. Using seasonal and annual time series, vegetation indices such as NDVI and multilateral analyzes can determine the decline, increase or stability in vegetation in relation to environmental changes and human impacts. 2-Materials and Methods This research was carried out in Namakzar-e khaf watershed in the northeast of South Khorasan Province with the aim of studying the qualitative of ecosystem reversibility and the response of natural vegetation to severe changes in long rainfall and drought as perturbation. For this purpose, firstly, using rainfall data of 15 meteorological stations around the study area, annual rainfall was extracted during thirty years (1986- 2015). Then, the data were interpolated in software ArcGIS for the study area using Inverse Distance Weighted method (IDW) being determined by standard precipitation index (SPI) dry, wet and normal years. From the Landsat 5 & 7 satellite imagery archives in the thirty years of study period, an image was created for each year between June 15 and July 15, with permanent coverage at the best of growth. Following the necessary corrections for satellite images, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) of each image were prepared and the ecological regression of vegetation was studied based on the plot of the mean-TNDVI variance. 3- Results and Discussion The results reveal the resilience of vegetation in the study area after the elimination of severe to medium droughts. According to the results of this study, the ecosystem health of the study area was confirmed based on the vegetative resilience, despite being in dry climates and exposing severe droughts within two years of duration and reducing rainfall compared to the average for 6 consecutive years. The results of the study confirmed the belief that dry ecosystems, despite apparent brittleness, have a high potential for environmental degradation and specific methods for adaptation and confrontation with turbulence. The results are consistent with the performance of the mean-variance graphical method for vegetation regeneration with the findings of Washington Allen et al. (2008) and Suu et al. (2013). It worths noting that the study was conducted in a climate that was unprecedented in previous studies. Because the study of Sue et al. (2013) has been conducted in a region of a Savannah ecosystem in South Africa, which is more climate-friendly than the present study area. Rainfall conditions in the study area of ​​Washington Allen et al, despite the introduction of the climate of the region as a dry climate, are different from the rainfall conditions of this study. The average annual precipitation in the Washington Allen study was 402 mm, and vegetation classes are composed from grass species to native plots. Therefore, the results of previous studies cannot be generalized to dry climatic conditions in most of the continental regions of Asia. Therefore, the present study is carried out for the first time in Asia and the continent of Iran in a completely different climate with more sensitivity to the type and density of vegetation and annual average precipitation is a unique example and a model for demonstrating the success of the method in these areas. 4- Conclusion The sustainability of the vegetation of the studied area against severe rainfall changes is so obvious that it challenges the notion of desertification in such areas. But it is likely that rainfall reduction of the 60-mm limit (the minimum annual rainfall in the study area during the thirty years of period) and its continuity in a few years would disrupt the vegetative resilience and cause desertification of the area and eventually the deterioration of the ecosystem. This study also confirmed the effect of the plot-mean-variance plot method for qualitative study of vegetation regeneration in a dry region in Central Asia (Iran) for the first time. In addition, by proving the health of the ecosystem, it can be planned for proper management and enhancement of indigenous vegetation, which has shown good resistance to climate turbulence.    }, keywords = {Ecosystem Health,resilience,Mean-Variance Plot,Occurrences of Drought,South Khorasan,Iran}, title_fa = {مطالعه کیفی قابلیت بازگشت‌پذیری پوشش گیاهی در پاسخ به تغییرات بلند مدت بارش (مطالعه موردی: بخشی از حوضه آبریز نمکزار خواف، استان خراسان جنوبی)}, abstract_fa = {پوشش گیاهی از مهم‌ترین اجزاء حیاتی اکوسیستم به شمار می‌آید که تحت تأثیر عوامل محیطی، همواره در حال سازگاری یا تغییر به سمت تعادل نهایی است. یکی از نشانه‌های سلامت اکوسیستم، قابلیّت بازگشت‌پذیری پوشش گیاهی پس از رفع آشفتگی‌‌های محیطی است. هرچند پوشش گیاهی مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، روش‌های متفاوتی برای مقابله با نیروهای مخرّب دارد؛ امّا تداوم این عوامل می‌تواند این قابلیّت را مختل سازد. نتیجة چنین وضعیّتی بیماری و در نهایت تخریب اکوسیستم خواهد بود؛ بنابراین، آشکار‌سازی، پیش‌بینی تغییرات بلند‌مدّت اکوسیستم و مدیریت چنین تغییراتی از اهمّیّت زیادی برخوردار است. این پژوهش، در حوضة آبریز نمکزار‌خواف در شمال شرق استان خراسان جنوبی با هدف مطالعه و تعیین کیفی قابلیّت بازگشت‌پذیری اکوسیستم و عکس‌العمل پوشش گیاهی طبیعی به تغییرات شدید بارندگی بلند‌مدّت و خشکسالی به عنوان آشفتگی‌‌ محیطی انجام پذیرفت. به همین منظور، ابتدا استاندارد‌سازی بارش سالانه در طول بازة زمانی سی ساله و تعیین مدّت و شدّت دوره‌های خشک، تر و نرمال با روش شاخصاستاندارد بارش (اس.پی.آی) انجام گرفت و سپس بازگشت‌پذیری اکولوژیکی پوشش گیاهی بر مبنای ترسیم پلات میانگین - واریانس شاخص ان.دی.وی.آی تغییر یافته (تی.ان.دی.وی.آی) به صورت کیفی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. این تغییرات، با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست در فصل رشد نهایی پوشش محدودة مطالعه بررسی شد. نتایج، نشان‌دهندة قابلیّت بازگشت‌پذیری و ترمیم پوشش گیاهی مستقردر محدودة مورد مطالعه پس از رفع خشکسالی‌های شدید تا متوسّط است. بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، سلامت اکوسیستم محدودة مورد مطالعه بر اساس قابلیّت بازگشت‌پذیری پوشش گیاهی، با وجود قرارگرفتن در اقلیم خشک و مواجهه با خشکسالی‌های شدید با تداوم دو سال و کاهش بارندگی نسبت به میانگین به مدّت 6 سال متوالی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت.  }, keywords_fa = {سلامت اکوسیستم,بازگشت‌پذیری,پلات میانگین - واریانس,رخدادهای خشکسالی,خراسان جنوبی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_754.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_754_d50319c86e02099dcfbf1a183aabc2df.pdf} } @article { author = {Nazmfar, Hosain and Eshghei charborj, Ali and Alavi, Saeedeh}, title = {Assessment of Ecological City Development in Urban Settlements of East Azarbaijan Province with an Emphasis on the Theoretical Model of Sustainable Development}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {65-81}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {With the rapid increase in urban population in the world and increasing concern about the environment, the challenge of creating a livable sustainable city was a priority for city planners; the idea of the Ecology is in response to these concerns. Ecology town or city ecological idea can be the last or continue to develop sustainable approaches to urban development within the framework of theoretical model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development Ecology in Eastern Azerbaijan province within the framework of theoretical model of sustainable development. This study is a kind of descriptive and analytical one regarding the purpose of the application and to methods. The population includes 20 city of East Azerbaijan province which was based on the 2012 census. Three main components of ecological security, health, ecological environment and ecological industrial metabolism, are used to assess which were in the form of 24 indicators. ANP model is used to express the relative importance of each indicator. PROMETHEE V model is used to analyze the data. The results of network analysis (ANP) indicate that the indices covered, Indices X21(quantity of wheat in irrigated and rainfed) and X11(buried utility principle Percent) respectively, with points (0.059 and 0.056) canvas utmost importance in the development of the city. The results showed that The province of East Azerbaijan regarding the indicators of urban ecology, Miyaneh city, Sarab and Tabriz, Phi (0.369) Phi (0/338) and Phi (0.258) ranked first, second and third. Besides, KhodaAfarin with Phi (-0.448) is the poorest city in the province. It also suggests that the spatial distribution of cities in Gaia in Miyaneh city, Sarab and Tabriz are the closest towns to the net flow of optimum stability. Hashtrood, MALEKAN, Harris, Kaleibar, Ajabshir, ESCO, Charavimaq, Varzqan, Julfa and Azarshahr and in particular the Khoda Afarin are the farthest cities of the net outflow, having inappropriate stability required to be prioritized in future planning. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction In recent decades, the high growth of the urban population has increased the demand for resources. Therefore, there is more pressure on the environment. So that the long-term future cities are endangered due to unrecoverable costs of the environment. Given the crucial role of cities in achieving sustainable development, determining the future of human life on Earth, accepting the fact that in the current is unstable and cannot be a long-term one, ideas and approaches to create sustainable cities as a green, healthy, smart, and sustainable cities have been raised. In this regard, boom, town or city ecological idea can be the last or continue approaches of theoretical model developed in the context of sustainable urban development. Boom City is a city or part thereof between social, economic and environmental balance which is suggested to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, it is designed with environmental considerations of East Azerbaijan province, despite the great potential to become a boom town. In recent decades, urban population growth and development in urban settlements has made dramatic consequences on the environment. In order to deal with such problems, depending on the capabilities and limitations of urban canvas by doing the assessment process parameters is considered as a solution to deal with emerging environmental crises. Besides, it is a efficient way to achieve the objectives of sustainable development. Therefore, this study is trying to follow the evaluation of the development boom in Eastern Azerbaijan province within the framework of the theoretical model of sustainable development using PROMETHEE V. 2- Materials and Methods This study is a kind of descriptive and analytical one regarding the purpose of the application and to methods.  To evaluate the urban canoe indices, three components of ecological safety, ecological health and Ecological Ecology have been used in the form of 24 positive (MAX) and negative (MIN) indexes. (ANP) is used to express the relative importance of each indicator of network analysis. V PROMETHEE and software Visual PROMETHEE are used to analyze the parameters of the model. Finally, the results from the model of tree network Prometheus Cities, the cities are classified into five floors quite stable, stable, semi-stable, unstable and quite unstable. 3- Results and Discussion Ranking East Azerbaijan province in terms of urban ecological indicators shows Miyaneh, Sarab and Tabriz, respectively, with net Phi 0.369, 0.338 and 0.258 which is quite stable. Marand and Bostan, respectively, with net Phi 0.181 and 0.151 are in stable condition. Maragheh, Shabestar, Ahar and Bonab, respectively, with net Phi 0.091, 0.073, 0.061 and 0.048 metastable state and the cities of Hashtrood, Malakan, Harris, Kalebar, Ajabshir, ESCO, Charavimaq, Varzqan, Julfa and Azarshahr respectively, with net Phi -0.045, -0.055, -0.062, -0.078, -0.114, -0.129, -0.140, -0.161 and -0.179 in terms of indicators of urban ecological situation are unstable. Khoda Afarin city in last place with -0.448 pure Phi is the poorest city in terms of indicators of Bushehr province. 4-Conclusions The results of East Azerbaijan Province ranking shows a gap in levels of urban ecological indicators among the cities. So that the distinction between stable city, Miyaneh with Phi + (0.369) with volatile city, Khoda Afarin with Phi - (- 0.448) suggests the inequality and a wide gap between the province; the city is benefiting from the boom indices. Therefore it is recommended that each city officials try a lot to reduce the deprivation load on the regions. moreover, they are supposed to stop wasting vital resources due to improper land use and horizontal development of the agricultural land around cities .  }, keywords = {City Ecology,Sustainable development,the Prometheus,East Azerbaijan}, title_fa = {ارزیابی توسعه بوم‌شهر در سکونتگاه‌های شهری استان آذربایجان‌شرقی با تأکید بر الگوی نظری توسعه پایدار}, abstract_fa = {با رشد سریع جمعیّت شهری در جهان و افزایش نگرانی در مورد محیط‌زیست، چالش ایجاد شهر پایدار برای زندگی در اولویّت برنامه‎ریزان شهری قرار گرفت و ایدة بوم‎شهر واکنشی بر این نگرانی‌ها بود. ایدة بوم‎شهر، یا شهر اکولوژیک را می‎توان آخر یا ادامة رویکردهای توسعة شهری در چارچوب الگوی نظری توسعة پایدار دانست؛ از این رو، هدف از انجام این پژوهش، ارزیابی توسعة بوم‎شهر در سکونتگاه‎های شهری استان آذربایجان شرقی در چارچوب الگوی نظری توسعة پایدار است. جامعة آماری شامل 20 شهر استان آذربایجان شرقی بر پایة آمارگیری سال 1390 است. برای ارزیابی از 3 مؤلّفة اصلی امنیّت اکولوژیک، بهداشت محیط اکولوژیک و سوخت‌وساز صنعتی اکولوژیک در قالب 24 شاخص استفاده شده است. به منظور بیان اهمّیّت نسبی هریک از شاخص‌ها، از مدل ای‌.ان‌.پی و برای تحلیل داده‌ها از پرامیته استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل شبکه‌ حاکی از آن است که در میان شاخص‌های مورد پژوهش، شاخص‌های X21 (مقدار تولید گندم در زمین‌های آبی و دیم) و X11 (درصد مطلوبیت دفن اصولی) به ترتیب با کسب امتیاز 059/0 و 056/0 بیشترین اهمّیّت را در توسعة بوم‎شهر دارند. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که از مجموعة شهر‌های استان آذربایجان شرقی به لحاظ برخورداری از شاخص‌های بوم‎شهری، شهر‎های میانه، سراب و تبریز به ترتیب با کسب پی‎.آی 369/0، 338/0 و 258/0 در رتبة اوّل تا سوّم و شهر خداآفرین با کسب پی‎.آی 448/0-، محروم‎ترین شهر استان است. همچنین توزیع فضایی شهر‌های در صفحة گایا حاکی از آن است که شهر‌های میانه، سراب و تبریز، نزدیک‌ترین شهرها به جریان خالص هستند که از پایداری مطلوب و شهرهای هشترود، ملکان، هریس، کلیبر، عجب‌شیر، اسکو، چاراویماق، ورزقان، جلفا و آذرشهر و به‌ویژه خداآفرین دورترین شهرها از جریان خالص هستند که از پایداری نامطلوبی برخوردارند و بایستی در اولویّت برنامه‎ریزی‎های آتی قرار گیرد.  }, keywords_fa = {بوم‌شهر,توسعه پایدار,مدل پرامیته,آذربایجان شرقی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_755.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_755_844caa5258ea0e2db5528fafbe9e1ef1.pdf} } @article { author = {Mirsanjari, Mir Mehrdad and Mohammadyari, Fatemeh}, title = {Monitoring the Landscape Changes Applying Gradient Analysis Case Study (County Behbehan)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {83-96}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the socioeconomic and ecological functions of a city, it is essential to quantify the pattern of the land. In this regard, the use of gradient analysis is also a very effective method. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to quantify the landform of Behbahan county using the combination of land metrics and gradient analysis. For this purpose, land use changes over a period of 14 years (2000-2014) were studied. Gradient analysis for two transects in the North South and East West were designed. Both the class and landscape metrics were calculated using a moving window. The results showed that during transects, in addition to land use changes, shape and density of the patches have changed and these changes are different in the two transects. Also, the results of the analysis in both transects in the class indicate that the patch density and edge density have increased towards the city center. The results of landscape metrics based on the items show that the distribution of land in 2014, distribution of agricultural and residential land, especially land, has more distribution levels; Behbehan is the county landscape. This reflects the development of urban and agricultural land and pasture land decreased in 2014 compared to 2000 is in the region. According to the trend of metrics, it can be said that the entire north-south transect of the east-west pattern is symmetrical. ExtendedAbstract 1-Introduction Change of land use and land cover, the main problems are environmental changes at global to local (Lambin and Geist, 2006). Identifying, monitoring land cover change is a complex process (Sun and Zhou, 2016). In this context, the most important way to understand and determine land use and cover change analysis of landscape pattern is changed (Fan and Ding, 2016). The ability to dissect a landscape structure, landscape structure is a prerequisite for study and performance. Various metric are used  to achieve this goal in landscape ecology (Mcgarigal and Marks, 1995). Factors and landscape metrics on three levels are the entire expanse of the landscape, the level of user classes and measurable pieces (Simova and Gdulova, 2012). Cities, as a heterogeneous landscape, can be studied from the perspective of landscape ecology (Wu, 2004). The aim of this study was to quantify the spatial pattern of Behbahān with a gradient to understand how changing different types of users and metrics along transects surveyed appear. 2- Materials and Methods  The studied region is between 50 degrees and 19 minutes longitude to 50 degrees and 25 minutes eastern, 30 degrees and 45 minutes latitude to north 30 degrees and 32 minutes in zone 39 that the highest altitude is 1380.93 meters and the lowest 267.14. The highest slope is 69.87 and the lowest slope 1%, the minimum annual temperature 18.1 c° and the maximum annual temperature 32.37 °c. The space of area is 615.6 square kilometers and regional climate is dry based on Domarten method. Three dimensional map of region is provided by Surfer11 software.In this study, the Landsat satellite images of the Behbahan county ETM+  for 2000 and 2014 OLI were used to map land use change. The images were classified in software IDRISI using the maximum likelihood algorithm, and AVI and MNF indices. Final land use plans were made in the six-class residential areas, agricultural land, water, forest, grassland and bare land preparation. Layer DEM, the mapping code numbers 60511 SEH. DGN, 60511 SWH. DGN, 60512 NWH. DGN, 60512 SEH. DGN, 60512 NEH. DGN, 60513 SEH. DGN, 60513 NEH. DGN and 60514 SEH. DGN Obtained with scale 1. 25000. The combination of metrics and gradient analysis were used to  quantify Behbehan landscape. For this purpose, land use changes over a period of 14 years (2000-2014) were studied. Gradient analysis for two transects in the North South and East West was designed. Both the class and landscape metrics were calculated using a moving window. 3- Results and Discussion  The results showed that during transects, in addition to land use changes, shape and density of the patches have changed, too. These changes are different in the two transects. Also, the results of the analysis in both transects in the class indicate that the patch density and edge density has increased towards the city center. The results of landscape metrics based on the items show that the distribution of land in 2014, distribution of agricultural and residential land, especially land, has more distribution levels; Behbehan is the county landscape. This reflects the development of urban and agricultural land and pasture land decreased in 2014 compared to 2000 is in the region. This reflects the development of urban and agricultural land and pasture land decreased in 2014 compared to 2000 is in the region. According to the trend of metrics, it can be said that the entire north-south transect of the east-west pattern is symmetrical. 4-Conclusion  In general, increased human activity in the city, resulting in increased Behbahān pieces of man-made (synthetic and semi-natural) that reduces the natural affinity between the treated area. The county of Behbahān tendency of fine grains (many spots in small sizes) and growth in the number of man-made stains in 2014 compared to 2000 confirm the results Mirzaee et al. (2013) and Dezhkam et al (2015) correspond. Landscape analysis in this study shows the effects of human activity on the landscape is changing and the results obtained from the information provided in accordance with policies related to land use. Therefore, the results obtained can be used in land evaluation, planning and integrated management in the study area and environmental studies for the exploitation of natural resources and decrease appropriate and reasonable use of resources.  }, keywords = {Landscape Metrics,Gradient Analysis,Moving Window,Behbehan County,Land Use}, title_fa = {پایش تغییرات سیمای سرزمین با استفاده از تحلیل گرادیان (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان بهبهان)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور ارزیابی کارکردهای اقتصادی - اجتماعی و اکولوژیک شهری، کمّی‌کردن الگوی سیمای سرزمین ضروری است. در این راستا، استفاده از آنالیز گرادیان نیز روشی بسیار مؤثّر است. بر این اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر، کمّی‌کردن سیمای سرزمین شهرستان بهبهان با استفاده از تلفیق متریک‎های سرزمین و تحلیل گرادیان است. بدین منظور، تغییرات کاربری‎ها طی یک دورة 14 ساله (1392-1378) بررسی شد. برای انجام تحلیل گرادیان دو مقطع در جهت شمال -  جنوب و شرق - غرب طرّاحی شد. متریک‎ها در دو سطح کلاس و سیمای سرزمین با روش پنجرة متحرّک محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد در طول مستطیل‎ها، علاوه بر تغییرات کاربری‎ها، شکل و تراکم لکّه‎ها نیز تغییر کرده و روند این تغییرات در دو مقطع از هم متفاوت است. همچنین با نگاهی به نتایج به دست آمده از آنالیز در هر دو مقطع، در سطح کلاس می‎توان گفت که تراکم لکّه و حاشیه به سمت مرکز شهر افزایش یافته است. نتایج به دست آمده از شاخص‌های سیمای سرزمین مبتنی بر مقایسة وضعیّت توزیع و پراکندگی کاربری‌ها نشان می‌دهد که در سال 1392 توزیع و پراکندگی کاربری اراضی به‌ویژه اراضی کشاورزی و مسکونی، دارای پراکنش بیشتری در سطوح سیمای سرزمین شهرستان بهبهان است. این موضوع، نشان‌دهندة توسعة شهر و اراضی کشاورزی و کاهش اراضی مرتعی در منطقه در سال 1392 نسبت به‌ 1378 است. با توجّه به روند تغییرات متریک‎ها می‎توان گفت که در کل، الگوی مقطع شمالی - جنوبی نسبت به شرقی - غربی متقارن است.  }, keywords_fa = {متریک‎های سیمای سرزمین,تحلیل گرادیان,پنجرة متحرک,شهرستان بهبهان,کاربری اراضی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_756.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_756_1834044ff2058d726dd955f76ae1f8c2.pdf} } @article { author = {Jamini, Davood and Salari, Mmnad and Shahabi, Himan}, title = {Explaining the Effects of Geotourism on the Development of Entrepreneurship in City- Village Ghori-Ghalhe with Structural Equation Approach}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {97-110}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {As today entrepreneurship is regarded as the economic development engine, development planners and policy makers are going to improve entrepreneurship through different ways among the members of various communities. Due to the high capacity of tourism sample areas, Such as Ghori-Ghalhe Cave in attracting tourists, analyzing the effects of tourism on entrepreneurship index can lead to reinforcement of two key lever of development (Tourism and entrepreneurship) in host communities. This study is a descriptive-analytic research and, in terms of purpose, is regarded as an applied one. The statistical population is composed of all heads of households living in the rural town of Quri-Qalhe in which 200 samples were selected. The main research tool is an author-made questionnaire and its reliability and validity were proved in compliance with principles of scientific research. The results showed that five factors of economic effects, increasing the value of assets, environmental-infrastructure, culture and population are the most important geotourism   effects on residents of the study area, being able to explain about %72 of the variance of dependent variable. The results showed that mean score of entrepreneurship among households studied is 3/32 which is higher than average. Finally, the results of final model of fitted structural equation for geotourism   effect (as the independent variable of studdy) on entrepreneurship development (as dependent variable) among households of Quri-Qalhe showed that geotourism  , at a confidence level of 99%, has a significant effect on the development of entrepreneurship and its indicators so that the total effect of geotourism   on entrepreneurship in the study area is 0/475 with determination coefficient of 0.266. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Tourism can be regarded as a tool for the development of urban and rural areas, for it not only can be considered as a new financial source which improve economic conditions of local population, but also be regarded as a source of poverty alleviation which increases employment. Moreover,  due to its natural considerable dynamism, tourism has a significant effect on the tendency of people for entrepreneurship. According to the findings of other studies, tourism has had a considerable effect on the development of entrepreneurship and its indicators, leading to significant positive effects on host societies, including residents City- Village of Ghori-Ghalhe. Generally, due to the importance of entrepreneurship and tourism in the economic development of communities and positive effect of tourist on entrepreneurship, it seems necessary and logical to study and explain the influence of tourism entrepreneurship on the areas which are likely to have high capacity of tourism. The aforesaid action will be really necessary, especially for the areas which, in term of development indicators, are in inappropriate situation (including City- Village of Ghori-Ghalhe). So, this study aims to find out whether the present current of tourism in the Ghori-Ghalhe geo sites has been effective enough for the development of entrepreneurship and its indexes in City- Village of Ghori-Ghalhe. This leads to pose the following questions: what effects does Ghori-Ghalhe Cave geosite have on its residents? and how much do the residents benefit from entrepreneurship features? 2-Materials and Methods The study, in terms of methodology, is a descriptive-analytic research and, in terms of purpose, is an applied one. The statistical population is composed of all heads of households living in the rural town of QuriQalheof in which 200 samples were selected. The main research tool is an author-made questionnaire whose reliability and validity were proved in compliance with principles of scientific research. SPSS and Amos, Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory tests, frequency distribution tables, and ... were used to analyze the data. 3- Results and Discussion The results indicate that five factors, including economic effects, increasing the value of assets, environmental-infrastructure, culture and population, are the most important geotourism effects on the residents that could explain about %72 of the variance of dependent variable. The results showed that the mean score of entrepreneurship among households is 3/32, higher than average. Finally, the results of final model of fitted structural equation for geotourism effect (as the independent variable of studdy) on entrepreneurship development (as dependent variable) among households of QuriQalhe showed that geotourism, at a confidence level of 99%, has a significant effect on the development of entrepreneurship and its indicators. Therefore, the total effect of geotourism  on entrepreneurship in the study area is 0/475 with determination coefficient of 0.266.   4- Conclusion Regarding considerable effect of entrepreneurship, the studies show that tourism and its dimensions, especially geotourism, are called the most important developmental tools in the world, for tourism is the biggest and fastest industry worldwide having increasing and endless growth. Studies have proved that there are various strategies to solve the economic and social problems of communities. Entrepreneurship and tourism with its various dimensions, are the most important strategies in the development of different societies, particularly the areas which are in bad conditions in term of development parameters, although they have the ability and considerable potential to activate Local economies. So current study has been done to evaluate the effect of geotourism on entrepreneurship in City- Village of Ghori-Ghalhe, that is in an unfavorable situation in terms of the components of development, especially in the field of employment. As a matter of fact,  this explanation can provide  appropriate scientific bed for future planning related the study area and other similar areas. In total, due to the significance of geotourism effect on entrepreneurship, and its importance in the development of local communities, characteristic of entrepreneurship can be improved by proper management and efficient geotourism in City- Village of Ghori-Ghalhe, along with downtime benefit from the benefits of geotourism,  }, keywords = {Geotourism,Entrepreneurship,Ghori-Ghalhe Cave,Village-City,Rawansar}, title_fa = {تبیین اثرات ژئوتوریسم بر توسعه کارآفرینی در روستا ـ شهرِ قوری قلعه با رویکرد معادلات ساختاری}, abstract_fa = {با توجّه به اینکه امروزه از کارآفرینی به عنوان موتور توسعة اقتصادی یاد می‎شود، برنامه‎ریزان و سیاست‎گذاران توسعه به روش‌های مختلفی در صدد توسعة کارآفرینی در سطح جوامع مختلف هستند. با توجّه به توانمندی بالای مناطق نمونة گردشگری، از جمله منطقة نمونة گردشگری غار قوری‎قلعه در جذب گردشگران، بررسی اثرات پدیده گردشگری بر شاخص‎های کارآفرینی می‎تواند به تقویت دو اهرم کلیدی توسعه (گردشگری و کارآفرینی) در سطح جوامع میزبان منجر گردد. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، تبیین اثرات ژئوتوریسم بر توسعة کارآفرینی در روستا - شهرِ قوری‎قلعه، واقع در شهرستان روانسر و استان کرمانشاه است که در آن برای دستیابی به اهداف، ترکیبی از روش‎های توصیفی - تحلیلی و علّی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. جامعة آماری پژوهش را کلّیّة سرپرستان خانوار ساکن در روستا - شهر قوری‎قلعه تشکیل می‎دهد که از میان آنها، 200 نفر به عنوان نمونة آماری انتخاب شده‎اند. ابزار اصلی پژوهش، پرسشنامة محقّق‎ساخته است که روایی آن با کسب نظرات اساتید دانشگاهی و کارشناسان مربوطه و پایایی آن با انجام پیش‎آزمون و محاسبة ضریب آلفای کرونباخ، به تأیید رسیده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد پنج عامل اثرات اقتصادی، افزایش ارزش دارایی‎ها، محیطی - زیرساختی، فرهنگی و جمعیّتی، مهم‎ترین اثرات ژئوتوریسم بر ساکنان محدودة مورد مطالعه بوده‎اند که توانسته‎اند حدود 72% واریانس متغیّر وابستة پژوهش را تبیین نمایند. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان داد میانگین نمرة کارآفرینی در میان سرپرستان خانوار مورد بررسی، 32/3 بوده و بالاتر از حدّ متوسّط است. در نهایت، نتایج مدل نهایی برازش‌شدة اثر ژئوتوریسم (متغیّر مستقلّ پژوهش) بر توسعة کارآفرینی (متغیّر وابستة پژوهش) در میان سرپرستان خانوار روستا - شهر قوری‎قلعه نشان داد، ژئوتوریسم در سطح اطمینان 99% توانسته است اثر قابل توجّهی را بر توسعة کارآفرینی و شاخص‎های آن برجای نهد. به طوری که اثر کلّ ژئوتوریسم بر کارآفرینی در محدودة مورد مطالعه، 475/0 و ضریب تعیین آن 226/0 بوده است.  }, keywords_fa = {ژئوتوریسم,کارآفرینی,غار قوری‎قلعه,روستا - شهر,روانسر}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_757.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_757_16092fb56dd348888ebe07679312157f.pdf} }