@article { author = {Pilehvar, Aliasghar}, title = {The effect of country divisions on the regional-urban inequality in Northern Khorasan}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {1-16}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {The effect of country divisions on the regional-urban inequality in Northern Khorasan In the last few decades, minimizing spaces has been implemented by current government not only to facilitate planning of development but also to have more control on local-regional spaces. To achieve this goal, performing the strategy of country divisions has been included in government agenda.  Present study aims at investigating and analyzing the government’s approach in country divisions as well as the effects on the regional-urban inequality in Northern Khorasan province. Therefore, not only quantitative models and statistical software but also analytic-descriptive method has been used to determinate the relationship between country divisions and regional-urban inequality in Northern Khorasan province. The criteria (including social, economic, hygienic and physical) were prioritized based on the level of importance. Then, several measurable indicators have been selected and tested. The findings indicate an inequality among cities, especially the significant gap that exists between Bojnourd and other cities of the regions.  Using change variance (CV) model and marking Z of the cities in the region, it is determined that the Bojnourd city itself is placed in first rank according to 6 criterions out of 10 selected criterions. Moreover, there is a clear gap between Bojnourd with Z value equals to 8. 57. Second city of the region is Shirvan, with amount of Z equals to 3. 54.  Thus, the findings reveal that the most significant influence of country divisions on the regional-urban space in Northern Khorasan was in 2004. These effects have been more obvious on the primary urban phenomenon. The research has been carried out using rank-size model showing that Bojnourd with its official-political function has strengthened its centrality and experienced the structural changes more tangible than other cities in the province. Extend Abstract 1-Introduction In the last few decades, governments sought to minimize the spaces to facilitate planning, development and to control local-regional spaces more,.  So, they have performed political-official divisions in a local and regional background. A part of the development, related to territorial, functional and structural changes, has happened in Northern Khorasan in which it was divided into political organization of East and North-East of Iran. It seems that the emergence of Northern Khorasan province and influence of this political approach to centralization also fueled inequalities. The present study aims to analyze the political approach in which some findings have been presented to identify regional urban imbalance to other municipalities of the province. On the other hand the political and political-administrative divisions plan an important role in the imbalance in supply and demand of urban structures (supply and demand for land and housing, employment, civil service, etc.) and in the formation of inequalities caused by the approach state political centralization and imbalance in the hierarchy of urban population and reinforce the primacy city in the Northern Khorasan. 2- Materials and Methods This is a kind of application-development study in which, following cross-sectional method, required data have been collected by statistical sources related to population and housing census in Northern Khorasan province, Statistical Yearbook Province and relevant organizations collected. Moreover, coefficient of variation (CV) and rank - size were used to recognize the area of ​​urban inequality and political analysis approach (decision to implement administrative divisions). Besides, data table was presented to make study and determine inequality of the city and the area of ​​interest. To determine the rate and coefficient of variations in each region, 10 different criteria were selected. So, the coefficient of variation (CV) was applied to determine the level of regional inequality. Besides, the formula for determining the rank-size hierarchy has been used in Northern Khorasan province. 3- Results and discussion  The implementation administrative tasks with a radius regional and political centrality leads to centralization of population and structural changes in the central city. Bojnourd functional-structural evolution in historical periods reflects the importance of seeking and consolidating its position as a major regional center. One important reason for the centralization and centrality in Northern Khorasan Bojnord is the far distance from Mashhad (Regional Center North East of Iran) and Gorgan (large cities and centers of local-regional integration) which are located in of Razavi Khorasan and Golestan respectively. As a matter of fact, providing professional services, creating employment opportunities and other important urban centers have always been making a kind of  convergence and concentration. Besides, government investment and attention to the development of local-regional strategies provide concentration. With this trend in the study area, regional inequalities  is detected and city facilities and infrastructure of Bojnourd has been found.  4- Conclusion  Performing of professional tasks, like currency and commodity exchanges, customs administration, creation and deployment of international exhibitions, and specialized hospitals lead to professional performance of regional centrality. The regional center has led to specialized functions. The findings proves an inequality among cities especially the significant gap that exists between Bojnourd and other cities of the region. Using change variance (CV) model and marking Z of the cities in the region, it is determined that the Bojnourd city itself is placed in first rank according to 6 criterions out of 10 selected criterions. Moreover, there is a clear gap between Bojnourd with Z value equals to 8. 57. Second city of the region is Shirvan, with amount of Z equals to 3. 54.  The result of regional evaluation suggests that promotion and political changes have had the highest influence on the primary urban phenomenon. The research has been carried out using rank-size model which shows that Bojnourd, with its official-political function, has strengthened its centrality. Besides, the population density has put it at the beginning of urban hierarchy of the region leading to structural changes.}, keywords = {Country Divisions,Inequality,Primary Urban,Northern Khorasan}, title_fa = {اثرات تقسیمات کشوری بر نابرابری های شهری – ناحیه ای در خراسان شمالی}, abstract_fa = {دولت در چند دهه اخیر، با هدف تسهیل در امر برنامه ریزی توسعه و امکان کنترل بیشتر بر فضای محلّی - ناحیه­ ای سعی بر کوچک ­سازی فضاها داشته است. در راستای تحقّق چنین هدفی، اجرای راهبرد تقسیمات کشوری در دستور کار دولت قرار داشته است. هدف این مقاله، ارزیابی و تحلیل رویکرد دولت در تقسیمات کشوری و اثرات آن در نابرابری و عدم تعادل­ های شهری - ناحیه ­ای در استان خراسان شمالی است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی - تحلیلی است. برای شناخت رابطه تقسیمات کشوری در سال 1383 با نابرابری شهری - ناحیه­ ای در خراسان شمالی، از مدل­های کمی و نرم­ افزار آماری استفاده شده و معیارها (اجتماعی، اقتصادی، بهداشتی، کالبدی) بر مبنای میزان اهمّیّت و از هر معیار چند شاخص قابل سنجش انتخاب و مورد آزمون قرار گرفته است. نتایج این پژوهش، نشانگر آن است که بر اساس مدل ضریب تغییرات و تعیین z شهرستان­های استان خراسان شمالی، شهرستان بجنورد در 6 شاخص از 10شاخص انتخابی، رتبة اوّل را داراست و مقدار zآن 57/8 است و فاصلة آشکاری با شیروان به عنوان شهرستان دوّم استان با مقدار 54/3- =z دارد. از این رو، نتیجة ارزیابی، بیانگر بیشترین اثرپذیری فضای شهری - ناحیه­ای خراسان شمالی از تقسیمات کشوری در سال 1383 بوده است. این تأثیرات بر پدیده نخست­ شهری بجنورد آشکارتربوده است. همچنین به کمک مدل رتبه – اندازه، مشخّص شد بجنورد به عنوان مرکز ناحیه و استان با کارکرد سیاسی –اداری، مرکزیت خود را تحکیم نموده و تحوّلاتی ساختاری را به شکلی ملموس ­تر نسبت به دیگر شهرهای استان تجربه کرده است.}, keywords_fa = {تقسیمات کشوری,نابرابری,نخست شهری,خراسان شمالی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_585.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_585_47e74035b56d0e15038e5a24cca8401c.pdf} } @article { author = {Aghaeezadeh, Esmaeil and Ojee, Roohollah and Mohammadzadeh, Robabeh}, title = {An Analysis of Polarization Effects of Offices Site-selection on Overlapped Areas of City Service Zones (case study: Rasht city)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {17-33}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Polarization of land use in cities plays a significant role in the importance of the different city zoning. Administrative land uses can be identified as the effective uses in cities. Such land uses attempt to get located in expensive parts of cities from the very beginning step, but after locating they would turn into a factor to attract other Organizations. In addition, each one of key service organizations in cities attempt to do city zoning based on special standards which, in many cases, are overlapping and may cause some problems. Present research paper is determined to scrutinize the polarization of land uses in city and also the importance of overlapped areas of five organizations involved in developmental and management issues of Rasht (departments of power, gas, water and water waste, telecommunication and municipality). It is based on the importance of their organization applying their documentary and survey studies. Therefore, the required databases in GIS environment was created. Moreover, current situation of different city zoning  was drawn and analyzed. After that, overlapped areas were identified and the available layer of  administrative centers were provided using statistical block data of 2011. The data were compared with the layer of  administrative overlapped zones. AHP method was used to rate the bureaus in overlapped zones. Besides, polarization of land uses was performed using Entropy model and ArcGIS software. The findings indicate that the centers of state government-governance, management of bank branches and justice department are considered to be more significant than other administrative centers. Furthermore, zones of 2, 3, 10, 17 and 35 have the most accumulated offices among other overlapped centers. Also, service land uses and municipality have the highest focus and state government-governance, while justice department and roads and urban development have the least focus among other administrative centers. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction: Urban land, as an essential factor of the establishment of cities, plays a special role in land-use planning and it is highly valuable due to the exceptionally exclusive and limited supply. It is so effective that can lead to create important polarized spaces in the urban spatial structure. To the extent that an ecological dealing occurs in achieving these spaces between individuals and different organizations in cities. Polarization of land use in cities plays a significant role in the importance of the different city zoning. Administrative land uses can be identified as effective uses in cities. Such land uses attempt to get located in expensive parts of cities from the very beginning step, but they would turn into a factor to attract other organizations after locating. In addition, each of key service organizations in cities attempt to city zoning based on special standards that in many cases they are overlapping and may cause some problems. Present research paper is determined to scrutinize the polarization of land uses in city and also the importance of overlapped areas of five organizations which is involved in developmental and management issues of Rasht (departments of power, gas, water and water waste, telecommunication and municipality) based on the importance of their Organization by using their documentary and survey studies.   2- Materials and Methods: This research is a kind of descriptive-analytical study whose results will be applied.  At first, related data of studied organizations were collected by using documentary method at first, then the required databases in GIS environment was created and current situation of different city zoning was drawn and analyzed. In the following, overlapped areas were identified by using overlay tools. Then, available layer of administrative centers, as one of significant land uses, was provided by using statistical block data of 2011. Administrative centers in Rasht were classified into 9 groups based on service type they offer. They were compared to the layer of administrative overlapped zones. Then the rate of bureaus in overlapped zones was determined using ideas of experts and professors of urban planning and management in questionnaires of even comparisons. Finally they were weighted using AHP method in Expert Choice environment. In the following, city clustering of administrative centers and entropy model was sued. to clarify and compare the polarization and focus of administrative land uses in the spatial structure. 3- Results and discussion: The results indicate that there are 35 overlapped areas among all organizations covering the entire city. The highest value of the overlapped areas belong to a shared area of departments, including 2nd sub-region of the water and sewage, 1st sub-region the gas, 5th zone of the municipality, 2nd district of the power department and 4th sub-region of the telecom center. Besides, the lowest one consists of an overlapped area of 3nd sub-region of the water and sewage, 2st sub-region the gas, 3th zone of the municipality, 1st district of the power department and sub-region of the telecom center. The findings show that the centers of state government-governance, management of bank branches and justice department are considered to be more significant than other administrative centers. By surveying calculated weights, it was revealed that the zones of 2, 3, 10, 17 and 35 have the highest weight among other overlapped centers. In entropy method, the administrative centers in Rasht were studied in 35 interference areas. The entropy index of all administrative centers of Rasht (9 clusters of administrative land uses) are less than the calculated “In”, indicating the trend of all to focus and polarization in the city. Among these, service land uses and municipality have the most focus, while state government-governance, justice department and roads and urban development have the least focus (decentralized) among other administrative centers. 4- Conclusion: Since spatial disharmony of urban service zones cause problems for citizens and other administrative centers, it is necessary to identify important areas of cities in order to set priorities addressing these issue. The findings reveal that the centers of state government-governance, management of bank branches and justice department are considered to be more significant than other administrative centers and zones of 2, 3, 10, 17 and 35 have the most accumulated offices among other overlapped centers. Also service land uses and municipality have the most focus. In contrast, state government-governance, justice department and roads and urban development have the least focus among other administrative centers. This suggests the importance and necessity of proper distribution of administrative centers in cities.  }, keywords = {Overlapped Areas,Land Use Importance,Polarization,AHP,Rasht City}, title_fa = {واکاوی اثرات تمرکز مکان‌گزینی ادارات در محدوده‌های متداخل مناطق سازمان‌های خدمات‌رسان شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت)}, abstract_fa = {قطبی شدن کاربری­های شهری از جمله کاربری­ های اداری، نقش مهمّی در اهمّیّت­ یابی مناطق مختلف شهری دارد. این کاربری­ ها، از گام نخست سعی می­ کنند تا در مناطق ارزشمند شهری مکان­یابی شوند ولی پس از مکان‌یابی، خود به عاملی برای جذب سایر ادارات تبدیل می­شوند. افزون بر این، سازمان‌های خدمات­رسان کلیدی در شهرها، بر اساس معیارهای ویژه­ای اقدام به منطقه ­بندی شهر می­ کنند که در بسیاری از موارد، این مناطق با یکدیگر تداخل داشته و مشکلاتی را به وجود می­ آورد. پژوهش حاضر قصد دارد تا با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی و پیمایشی، قطبی ­شدن کاربری­های اداری و همچنین اهمّیّت مناطق متداخل پنج سازمان درگیر در مسائل عمرانی و مدیریتی (برق، گاز، آب و فاضلاب، مخابرات و شهرداری) شهر رشت  را بر اساس مساحت و اهمّیّت مراکز اداری موجود در آنها بررسی کند. برای این منظور، ابتدا پایگاه داده­ های مورد نیاز در محیط GIS ایجاد و وضع موجود مناطق گوناگون شهر ترسیم و تحلیل شده است؛ سپس مناطق متداخل تعیین و با استفاده از داده­ های بلوک آماری سال 1390، لایۀ مراکز اداری موجود شهر تهیّه و نسبت به لایۀ مناطق متداخل اداری مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. رتبه­بندی ادارات در مناطق متداخل از روش AHP و قطبی ­شدن کاربری­ ها با استفاده از مدل آنتروپی و نرم‌افزار ArcGIS انجام شده است. نتایج بررسی­ها نشان می­دهد محدوده­ های حاصل از تداخل واقع در محدوده­ های گلسار، استادسرا، بلوار حافظ (باغ محتشم) و معلولین بیشترین اهمّیّت را در بین سایر مناطق متداخل دارند؛ همچنین کاربری­ های خدماتی و شهرداری، بیشترین تمرکز و مجموعۀ استانداری - فرمانداری، دادگستری و راه و شهرسازی،کمترین (فاقد تمرکز) در بین سایر مراکز اداری شهر رشت هستند.}, keywords_fa = {مناطق متداخل ادارات,اهمّیّت کاربری,قطبی‌شدن,AHP,شهر رشت}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_587.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_587_20b4174b68bf58749e3a816738b496a1.pdf} } @article { author = {Soltani, Naser and Mosavi, Mirnajaf and Ahmadeghbal, Glavezh}, title = {Evaluation of Probable Consequences of water Transfer of from Zab River to Lake Urmia}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {35-51}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abstract Reliable water supply is one of the main challenges of this century. One of the ways of water supply is inter-basin water transfer schemes which can be useful in some cases and could save the destination basin. One of the projects, discussed recently, is water transfer project from Zab River basin to Urmia Lake. This study made an attempt to utilize the opinions of one hundred relevant experts and authorities to predict the positive and negative logistical consequences of this transfer in the basin of origin and destination by the statistical analysis of Multivariate linear regression. The results of linear regression model showed that due to the weight of standardized coefficients of the examined factors (B2), negative socio-cultural consequences of (0.328), negative economic consequences of (0.249), positive economic outcome of (0.216), negative environmental consequences of (0.210), negative political and security consequences of (0.174), positive environmental impact of (0.156), positive outcome of the political-security of (0.087), and the positive outcome of socio-cultural of (0.070), are the most possible consequences of transferring water from Zab to Urmia Lake respectively. According to experts, the interesting and significant point is that water transport in terms of environmental issues cannot save Urmia Lake and may act as an antidote. The results of structural equation modeling on each of the components of the implementation plan showed that among the positive consequences; environmental factors with the effect of (. 85), and among the negative consequences; socio-cultural factors with the effect of (1.10) have the highest impact on water transport. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Management and water policy has been increasing in the world, especially due to more water need, since the beginning of the 1980s. In other words, the developmental projects were only concerned with physical control of water which was in line with economic benefits and there was little attention to social and environmental impacts. Such an approach laid undesirable and sometimes irreparable effects on ecosystems and communities. Of course, water resource abundance-based management theories must be provided based on the assumptions of limited water resources.  Iran, as a country located in semi-arid belt, has several issues and challenges in water supply as the main pillar of development. In recent years, the intensification of the phenomenon of drought, and reduction of water resources to Urmia Lake, has caused a sharp drop in its water level. It is predicted that by continuing drought and drying the greater part of the lake and lack of appropriate decisions, the blast of coastal winds trigger the transfer of salt and sequestration in agricultural lands around the lake, and resulted the deterioration of the quality of agricultural lands which finally could make salty lands that cause unemployment and migration of the people in the region respectively. Some important schemes in this regard can be transferring of filtration wastewater of refinery basin to Urmia Lake, releasing the water stored in Dams of the Province such as Shahid Kazemi dam, dredging rivers of lakes basin, equipping farmland to Modern irrigation system and Inter-basin water transfer. Inter-basin water transfer schemes which are proposed to revive the lake are: Transferring water from the Caspian Sea, Aras River and catchment Zab. The only workable plan among these choices is transferring water from Zab which has been approved and conducted utilizing collection system and transfer tunnels from the lake dams of Kani Sib and Silveh to the ford river basin and finally to the Urmia Lake. 2- Materials and Methods The present study enjoins the applied research design.  Data collection tools are divided into two categories of library and field. In the first part, by studying the current literature in the subject area studied, attempts have been made to derive the positive and negative factors which were behind the policy of inter-basin water transition. In the field study, a valid questionnaire was designed and distributed to the population of study in two areas of residential areas of source and destination which were completed by both university professors and directors of executive agencies. Structural equation modeling in lisrel software was used to analyze the data and determine the relative effects of inter-basin water transition on each component . Besides, Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to measure the correlation and relationship among the variables and the effect of each variable on the other one. Moreover, multivariate linear regression was used to predict the consequences of transferring water in the basin of source and destination. 3- Results and Discussion The results of linear regression model showed that, negative socio-cultural consequences of (0.328), negative economic consequences of (0.249), positive economic outcome of (0.216), negative environmental consequences of (0.210), political and security consequences of (0.174), positive environmental impact of (0.156), positive outcome of the political-security of (0.087), and the positive outcome of socio-cultural of (0.070) are the most probable consequences of transferring water from Zab to Urmia Lake respectively, especially due to the weight of standardized coefficients of the examined factors. Transferring water from Zab to Urmia Lake definitely will follow positive and negative consequences which in this section at first positive outcomes and then negative outcomes are going to be discussed. Based on the survey results, positive environmental outcomes of 0.85, positive socio-cultural consequences of 0.77, positive economic consequences of 0.67, positive political and security implications of 0.53, have direct impact on the process of transition water. However, regarding four investigated factors, it was found that negative social-cultural outcomes with the effect rate of 1.10, the negative environmental consequences with effect rate of 0.48, the negative political and security implications outcomes with the effect rate of .43 and negative economic consequences with the effect rate of 0.39, have the highest impact on the feasibility of the project to transfer water from Zab to Urmia Lake respectively. The results indicate the fact that, for various reasons, including ethnic and religious differences in the two areas of source and destination, if the water transfer project in the area of destination and recipient followed the environmental and economic improvement, at the same time it could lead to the negative social - cultural consequences of the source or sender areas. 4- Conclusion Staff revival of the Lake and other executive agencies as trustees and coordinators of proceedings, placed several projects and programs on their agendas; in which the most important proceedings is inter-basin water transfer project from Zab to Urmia Lake considered as the most important proposed scheme in this regard. Undoubtedly, the proposed scheme like most of the inter-basin water transition plans, have negative (often to the areas of source), and positive aspects (often for the catchment area of destination). Therefore, the continuation of transferring water from Zab to Urmia Lake to meet the major environmental concerns of the Lake is proposed. Moreover, the following items are proposed to increase the effectiveness of positive components in the destination and reduce the impact of negative components; - Pay attention to different ways of water supply for Urmia Lake through new sources, managing the consumption of water in the area of Urmia Lake, and suitable protecting of the quality and quantity of available resources. - Pay attention to the demands of the people who live in the source areas in order to bring together their thoughts with the administrators’ schemes. - Pay attention to the economic justification and considering the principle of cost-benefit during the implementation and post-implementation of the transition plan.}, keywords = {Inter-Basin Water Transfer,The Consequences of for Water,Water resources Management,Zab River,Lake Urmia}, title_fa = {ارزیابی پیامدهای احتمالی انتقال آب حوضه زاب به دریاچه ارومیه}, abstract_fa = {تأمین آب مطمئن یکی ازچالش‌های اساسی قرن حاضراست. یکی از راهکارهای تأمین آب، طرح انتقال بین‌حوضه‌ای آب است که می‌تواند در برخی موارد مفید و نجات‌بخش حوضه مقصد باشد. یکی از این طرح‌ها که اخیراً مورد بحث قرار گرفته است طرح انتقال آب از حوضه آبخیز رودخانه زاب به دریاچة ارومیه است؛ لذا هدف این پژوهش، آن است که با بهره‌گیری از نظر یکصد نفر از کارشناسان و متولّیان ذی‌ربط، پیامدهای آمایشی (مثبت و منفی) این انتقال در دو حوضه مبدأ و مقصد شناسایی و با استفاده از تحلیل‌های آماری (رگرسیون خطّی چندمتغیّره) پیش‌بینی شود. نتایج مدل رگرسیون خطّی نشان می‌دهد با توجّه به وزن ضرایب استانداردشده (بتا B) مؤلّفه‌های مورد بررسی، به ترتیب پیامد منفی اجتماعی-  فرهنگی (328/0)، پیامد منفی اقتصادی (249/0)، پیامد مثبت اقتصادی (216/0)، پیامد منفی زیست­ محیطی (210/0)، پیامد منفی سیاسی - امنیّتی (174/0)، پیامد مثبت زیست‌محیطی (156/0)، پیامد مثبت سیاسی - امنیّتی (087/0)، و پیامد مثبت اجتماعی - فرهنگی (070/0) محتمل‌ترین پیامدهایی است که پس از انتقال آب از زاب به دریاچه ارومیه ممکن ­الوقوع است. نکتة جالب و قابل‌توجّه این است که طبق نظر کارشناسان، انتقال آب به لحاظ زیست‌ محیطی نمی‌تواند نجات‌بخش دریاچة ارومیه باشد و شاید به مثابه یک مُسکّن عمل کند. نتایج مدل معادلات ساختاری اثرگذاری هریک از مؤلّفه‌ها بر اجرای طرح نیز نشان می‌دهد که در بین پیامدهای مثبت؛ مؤلّفة زیست‌محیطی با میزان اثر (85/0) و از میان پیامدهای منفی؛ مؤلّفة اجتماعی - فرهنگی با میزان اثر (10/1) بیشترین تأثیرگذاری را در اجرای طرح انتقال آب دارند.}, keywords_fa = {انتقال بین‌حوضه‌ای آب,پیامدهای انتقال آب,رودخانه زاب,دریاچة ارومیه}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_586.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_586_fd8b3190282ba4f464b936bd8398999a.pdf} } @article { author = {Saghafi, Mehdi and Moodaresi, Moohamadali}, title = {Application of Collective Intelligence of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm in Optimization of Estimation and Zoning of Wind Erosion Intensity Using Geomorphological data (Case Study: Birjand Plain’s Drainage Basin, South Khorasan Province)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {53-69}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {The domain of wind erosion is wider than the other erosion processes, so the use of regional models is inevitable to estimate its intensity. The experimental models depend on components rated in defined ranges evaluating the amount of erosion.  Different experiences and also variety of input components of the model lead to some inconsistency in the results, and decline the reliability of estimation. The aim of this study is to optimize the estimation of wind erosion in Birjand plain through removal and mitigation of the effects of different rating experiences.  In this paper, the data obtained from the experimental model of Iranian Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland (IRIFR) are optimized using collective intelligence artificial bee colony algorithm. To achieve this purpose, after calculating the components of Iranian research institute of forest and rangeland model, the investigated area was divided into pixels of 200×200m. The pixels were located into 82 subdomains by using polar coordinates in order to decrease the computational time. Then optimization of bee colony algorithm was implemented in three steps: (1) the allocation process, (2) the investigation process and (3) conclusion process by the bees. Finally the pixels with greatest potential erosion were identified. About 49% of the area of wind erosion classes in IRIFR model moved to higher erosion classes in bee colony algorithm. Therefore bee colony algorithm is highly sensitive in the classification of wind erosion. The variance test of the erosion classes obtained by the two methods showed more reliability of bee colony results. The results showed the highest erosion rates occurred in the alluvial fan landforms and more than 90 percent of erosion centers are located in the pediment of geomorphologic unit. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction  Approximately 28% of the habitable lands of the earth are under the influence of human activities that has led to loss of soil fertility. Wind erosion lead to loss of biodiversity and production capacity of the ground known as desertification. The domain of wind erosion is wider than the other erosion processes, so the use of logical models is inevitable to estimate its intensity. The experimental models depend on components rated in defined ranges, and then evaluate the amount of erosion. Experimental models’ components are rated using field information and expert opinions; due to different expert experiences and also variety of input components, there is no consensus. So one of the fundamental disadvantages of the models is related to rate of input components which leads to different results. The aim of this study is to optimize the estimation of wind erosion in Birjand plain through removal and mitigation of the effects of different rating experiences. The case study in this article is drainage basin of Birjand plain which is located in the South Khorasan province. It covers an area of 3425 square kilometer, of which 980 square kilometer is the plain extent and is very susceptible to wind erosion and the rest is mountainous. The average annual precipitation in the plain over a period of 50 years equals to 177 mm and its climate is generally dry. 2- Materials and Methods  In order to study wind erosion, erosion models with different goals, such as Successive approximation of erosion and designing of erosion control tools, are used. In this paper, the data obtained from the experimental model of forests and rangelands of Iran (IRIFR) is optimized using collective intelligence artificial bee colony algorithm. To achieve this purpose, after calculating the components of Iranian research institute of forest and rangeland model, the investigated area was divided into pixels of 500 and in order to decrease the computational time, the pixels were located into 82 subdomains by using polar coordinates. Then optimization of bee colony algorithm was implemented in three steps: (1) the allocation process, (2) the investigation process and (3) conclusion process by the bees. Finally pixels with greatest potential erosion were identified. The center of erosion in the investigated area, that is the critical part of the region in terms of erosion, was also identified. Finally using multivariable statistical methods, the centers and spatial pattern of zones which were obtained by both models were compered. 3- Results and Discussion  About 47% of the area of wind erosion classes in IRIFR model moved to higher erosion classes in bee colony algorithm. Therefore bee colony algorithm is highly sensitive in the classification of wind erosion. Although the area of output zones obtained by the two models was very similar in both of them (about 78%). But there is significant difference in terms of the spatial pattern of erosion classes. The variance test of the erosion classes obtained by the two methods showed significant difference. The lower variance amount of classes obtained by bee colony algorithm showed that the results of this method have more reliability in wind erosion classification. 4- Conclusion Identification of 82 critical wind erosion centers in the investigated area and its agreement with real evidence shows the importance of this method in investigating the effective wind erosion components. The results showed the highest erosion rates occurred in the alluvial fan landforms and more than 90 percent of erosion centers are located in the pediment of geomorphologic unit.      }, keywords = {Wind Erosion,Zone,Iranian Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland Model,Optimization Algorithm,Artificial Bee Colony,Birjand plain}, title_fa = {کاربرد الگوریتم هوش جمعی کلونی زنبورهای مصنوعی در بهینه‌سازی تخمین و پهنه‌بندی شدّت فرسایش باد با استفاده از داده‌های ژئومورفولوژی (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبریز دشت بیرجند، استان خراسان جنوبی)}, abstract_fa = {برای تخمین شدّت فرسایش باد که وسیع­ترین قلمرو فعّالیّت را دارد، استفاده از مدل‌های منطقه‌ای اجتناب‌ناپذیر است. این مدل‌ها، تجربی بوده و مبتنی بر مؤلّفه‌هایی هستند که از طریق امتیازدهی در آستانه‌های تعیین‌شده به تخمین فرسایش منجر می‌شوند. تفاوت تجربیات و متغیّر بودن مؤلّفه‌های ورودی این مدل­ها، باعث بروز ناسازگاری و کاهش قابلیّت اعتماد تخمین‌ها می‌شود. هدف از این مطالعه، بهینه‌سازی تخمین فرسایش باد در حوضة آبریز دشت بیرجند از طریق کمینه ­نمودن ناسازگاری امتیازات مؤلّفه‌های ورودی مدل مورد استفاده است. برای این منظور، مدل تجربی پهنه‌بندی شدّت فرسایش باد سازمان جنگل‌ها و مراتع ایران  با استفاده از الگوریتم هوش جمعی کلونی زنبورهای مصنوعی، بهینه‌سازی شده است. پس از تعیین امتیازات مؤلّفه‌های مدل اوّلیه، منطقه مورد مطالعه به پیکسل‌های 200×200 مترمربعی تبدیل و با استفاده از دستگاه مختصات قطبی به 82 ناحیه تقسیم شد. سپس الگوریتم بهینه‌سازی کلونی زنبورها در سه مرحله شامل: 1- تخصیص، 2- پایش و 3- نتیجه‌گیری توسّط زنبورها، اجرا و پیکسل‌های با بیشترین پتانسیل فرسایش شناسایی شده‌اند. نتایج، نشانگر انتقال حدود 49% از مساحت طبقات فرسایش باد در مدل سازمان جنگل‌ها و مراتع ایران به طبقات فرسایشی بالاتر در روش الگوریتم کلونی زنبورها است. بر این اساس، الگوریتم کلونی زنبورها حسّاسیت بسیار زیادی در ارائة طبقه‌بندی کلاس‌های فرسایش باد دارد. آزمون واریانس مساحت کلاس‌های فرسایشی حاصل از دو روش، حاکی از قابلیّت اطمینان بیشتر به نتایج روش الگوریتم کلونی زنبورها است. بیشترین نرخ فرسایش در لندفرم مخروط ­افکنه‌ها رخ داده و بیش از 90% کانون‌های فرسایش در واحد ژئومورفولوژیک دشت‌سر واقع شده است.}, keywords_fa = {فرسایش باد,پهنه‌بندی,مدل سازمان جنگل‌ها و مراتع ایران,الگوریتم بهینه‌سازی,کلونی زنبورهای مصنوعی,دشت بیرجند}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_588.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_588_7c7ccd8a79690b87be255997904973e8.pdf} } @article { author = {Jamini, Davood and Zolfaghari, Amirali and Nasrabadi, Zahra and Ghoobadi, Shadi}, title = {Environmental challenges and its impact on rural settlement in Badrabad Village Using Grounded Theory Method}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {71-87}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Despite the crucial role of rural areas in producing raw materials, there have always been a number of serious problems bothering this community. Unfortunately, environmental challenges have been affecting different aspects of rural life having the ability to destroy their life. The present qualitative study focuses on environmental challenges of Bdrabad (Located in the Rawansar township in Kermanshah Province) trying to identify the effects of these challenges. was selected people in the study Purposive sampling and needed information Were collected through In-depth interview and The focus groups in two steps (First, identify environmental challenges and secondly, Identify the effects of environmental challenges to the villagers). For data collection, at first, some meeting groups were arranged (5 focus groups with 6 to 9), then there were 19 direct observations and 14 individual interviews. Moreover, as the second step, there were 15 direct observations and 17 individual interviews.  3 centered groups with 6 to 11 participants per group. Grounded theory method was applied to analyze the data. The results showed that the most important environmental challenges in the village of Bdrabad are considered as destruction of meadows, reduced water resources, the disappearance of wildlife, garbage and waste, air pollution, soil erosion, the destruction of forest trees, problems arising from the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and infrastructure management problems. The findings also revealed that the most important effects of environmental challenges to the rural area are regarded loss of livestock and poultry, economic challenges, threaten food security, challenges relating to employment, changes in cropping pattern and psychological challenges and health. Extended Abstract 1- Introduction Ignoring  the existing environmental challenges has created undesirable effects Such as prevalence of diseases, wasting of resources and assets, water shortage, soil erosion, deforestation, air pollution and water and soil pollution. Moreover, it has caused environmental challenges to a global issue; as a matter of fact, environmental challenges in today's world has attracted the attention of many researchers. In fact, villagers, as the country's major manufacturers of raw materials, play an important and undeniable role in providing platforms for developing countries. However, there have been some problems to communities. Environmental challenges are the most important environmental problems facing society, including rural communities over the past few years, the destruction of this old society's ability to influence all aspects of village life. Present qualitative research is trying to investigate and identify the effects of these challenges on the environmental challenges of Bdrabad (located in the Ravansar- Kermanshah Province). Finding a rational answer to the research problem, the authors have selected Badrabad village, as a suitable representative of rural settlements in Ravansar County in terms of natural and social characteristics, based on their local experiences and interviews with experts. 2- Materials and Methods In the present study, Badrabad village, with a population of approximately 372 and 95 families, was selected as a case study. Based on the reports of Statistical Center of Iran, unemployment rate was is approximately 45 percent, while in the agricultural, services and industry sectors, employment stands 73%, 21% and 6%, respectively. In the current research, the subjects were selected using purposive sampling. Depth interviews were used to collect data. Besides, as another step, there were some groups in two stages (Phase I and Phase II environmental challenges identified, the identification of environmental challenges to the villagers) whose data were analyzed using grounded theory approach. 3-Results and Discussion The findings showed that degraded pastures, reduction of water resources, the loss of wildlife, garbage and waste, air pollution soil erosion,  forest degradation, problems arising from the use of pesticides and fertilizers and infrastructure management problems, are considered as the most important environmental challenges in Bdrabad village. They having some negative impacts on the residents of Bdrabad like loss of livestock and poultry, economic challenges, threatening the food security challenge of the employment, change in cropping pattern and psychological challenges. 4- Conclusion The present study proves close links between different dimensions of sustainable development. Since environmental challenges, as one of the aspects of sustainable development, affect other aspects of sustainable development in different ways, such as lower levels of income, change jobs and reducing the variety of jobs, immigration, sickness, and mental insecurity. Lack of attention to dimensions of sustainable development will definitely be doomed to failure. So, the environment requires special attention. Therefore, environment, as a base of the activities to achieve sustainable development, should be considered in any decision-making and planning.  }, keywords = {Sustainable development,Village,Environmental Challenges,Bdrabad Village}, title_fa = {چالش های زیست محیطی و اثرات آن بر ساکنین روستای بدرآباد با استفاده از روش نظریّه بنیانی}, abstract_fa = {با وجود نقش بسیار مهمّ روستاییان در تولید موادّ اوّلیّة کشور، از گذشته دور تاکنون، پاره­ای از مشکلات دامن­ گیر این جامعه تلاشگر بوده است. چالش­های زیست­ محیطی از مهم­ترین مشکلات پیش روی جامعه روستاییان طی چند سال گذشته بوده که با تأثیرگذاری بر کلّیّه ابعاد زندگی روستاییان، توانایی تخریب این جامعه کهن را دارد. بررسی چالش­ های زیست­ محیطی و شناسایی اثرات آن بر ساکنین روستای بدرآباد (واقع در شهرستان روانسر استان کرمانشاه) موضوع پژوهش کیفی حاضر است. افراد مورد مطالعه با روش نمونه­ گیری مبتنی بر هدف انتخاب شده ­اند و اطّلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق مصاحبه عمیق و تشکیل گروه­های متمرکز در دو مرحله (مرحله اوّل شناسایی چالش­ های زیست­ محیطی و مرحلة دوّم، شناسایی اثرات چالش­های زیست­ محیطی بر روستاییان) جمع­ آوری گردید. جهت گردآوری داده­ها در مرحلة اوّل پژوهش، علاوه بر تشکیل جلسات گروهی (5 گروه متمرکز با شرکت 6 تا 9 نفر) 19 بار مشاهده و بازدید مستقیم، 14 مصاحبة انفرادی انجام گرفت. همچنین، جهت گردآوری داده­ها در مرحلة دوّم پژوهش، 15 بار مشاهده و بازدید مستقیم، 17 مصاحبة انفرادی انجام شد و همچنین، از نظرات 3 گروه متمرکز با شرکت 6 تا 11 نفر در هر گروه بهره گرفته شد و برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ­های گردآوری‌شده از روش نظریّه بنیانی استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد تخریب مراتع، کاهش منابع آب، از بین رفتن حیات وحش، تولید زباله­ ها و پسماندها، آلودگی هوا، فرسایش خاک، تخریب درختان جنگلی، مشکلات ناشی از استفاده از سموم و کودهای شیمیایی و مشکلات مدیریتی ـ زیرساختی، مهم­ترین چالش­های زیست­محیطی در روستای بدرآباد هستند. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان داد کاهش دام و طیور، چالش ­های اقتصادی، تهدید امنیّت غذایی، چالش­ های مربوط به اشتغال، تغییر الگوی کشت و چالش­ های روان‌شناختی و بهداشتی، مهم­ترین اثرات چالش های زیست­ محیطی بر روستاییان محدوده مطالعاتی هستند.}, keywords_fa = {توسعه پایدار,روستا,چالش های زیست محیطی,روستای بدرآباد}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_589.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_589_b75131b8e2270298a4d0562e8d4bafdf.pdf} } @article { author = {Gholami, Shaieste and sayad, ehsan and Taleshi, Hamid}, title = {Assessing spatial variability of soil macro fauna and tree canopy using fractal theory (Case study: Riparian Forest of Maroon River)}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {89-98}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {Spatial distribution of soil macro-fauna and vegetation are controlled by several parameters. Distribution pattern of these variables have many variations. In current study, auto-correlation function and fractal theory were used to evaluate spatial variability of tree canopy and soil macro fauna diversity in Riparian Forest of Maroon River in Khuzestan. In this research, soil macro fauna were sampled using 175 sampling point along parallel transects (perpendicular to the river). The distance between transects was 100 m. We considered the distance between samples as 50 m. soil macro fauna was extracted from 50 cm×50 cm×10 cm soil monolith by hand-sorting procedure. Evenness (Sheldon index), richness (Menhinick index) and diversity (Shannon H’ index) were determined in each sample. Tree canopy was measured in 5* 5 plots.  The results showed that none of the variables had autocorrelation confirming lack of their significant spatial structure. The study of distribution and fractal behavior of variables showed intensive variability in the study area and spatial variability did not have remarkable structure. Fractal dimension of both variables also were high. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction  Sustainability and maintenance of riparian vegetation or restoring of degraded sites is critical to sustain inherent ecosystem function and values. There is an increasing recognition of fundamental role of space in population. For example, it is well recognized that habitat spatial heterogeneity can be an important contributor to the coexistence of species in communities. In spite of this, within spatial ecology, empirical and modeling studies have concentrated on aboveground biota, limiting belowground detail, if any, to abiotic properties of soil. However, spatial patterns of soil biota, and the factors that determine them, will influence spatial patterns of decomposition, nutrient supply and, ultimately, the spatial structure of plant communities. As such, spatial variability is perceived as a problem for understanding how highly species-rich soil communities are maintained, and what their ecosystem functions are. However, taking lessons from spatial ecology, it is likely that spatial variability is the key, rather than the obstacle, to understanding the structure and function of soil biodiversity. Soil macro fauna biodiversity plays a recognized role in the productivity and soil functioning of these systems. But the factors that drive its distribution are still poorly documented. Spatial distribution of soil macro fauna and vegetation are controlled by several parameters. Interactions between aboveground and belowground biota are among the main drivers of ecosystem processes in soils. As autogenic ecosystem engineers, plants modify food quality, quantity, and the microclimate of soil macro fauna. They modify the microclimate in their vicinity by cooling down the soil and air in the shade of their leaves. In the area of the research, the covering vegetation is highly variable, from dense to loose, which leads to heterogeneous habitats for soil organisms. So, distribution pattern of these variables might have many variations. Consequently, autocorrelation function and fractal theory were used to assess spatial variability of tree canopy and soil macro fauna diversity in Riparian Forest of Maroon River in Khuzestan. 2- Materials and Methods The present study was carried out in Maroon riparian forest of the southeastern Iran (30o 38/- 30 o 39/N and 50 o 9/- 50 o 10/ E). The climate of the study area is semi-arid. Average yearly rainfall is about 350.04 mm with a mean temperature of 24.5oc. Plant cover, mainly comprises populous euphratica Olivie and Tamarix arceuthoides Bge and Lycium shawii Roemer & Schultes. Soil macro fauna were sampled using 175 sampling point along parallel transects (perpendicular to the river). The distance between transects was 100m. We considered the distance among the samples as 50 m. Tree canopy was measured in 5* 5 plots. Soil macro fauna was extracted from 50 cm×50 cm×10 cm soil monolith by hand-sorting procedure. All soil macro fauna were identified to family level. Evenness (Sheldon index), richness (Mechanic index) and diversity (Shannon H’ index), were determined in each sample. Classical statistical parameters, i.e. mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, minimum and maximum, were calculated. We calculated the autocorrelation of soil properties and macro fauna diversity to determine the spatial structure. As a next step, we investigated the frequency of variables to access the variability rate of soil macro fauna diversity and vegetation cover. The autocorrelation function provides information about the separation distance with which a measured value is related to its neighbors and, it is a manifestation of the fact that at or beyond the lag distance, observations will vary at random. Finally, we calculated the fractal dimension to describe deeply the spatial structure of variables. 3- Results and Discussion the results showed that none of the variables had autocorrelation and indeed confirmed the lack of their significant spatial structure. The study of distribution and fractal behavior of variables showed intensive variability in the study area. Fractal dimension of both variables also were high. Totally it seems that as a results of disturbance and pressure on this ecosystem spatial dependency of these variables had decreased to the level that it could be accepted the value of these variables are independent of each other. 4- Conclusions Spatial studies considerably improve the analysis of macro fauna distribution and vegetation cover. Fractal analysis yields more information about the macro fauna diversity and trees cover beside assessment of spatial pattern using autocorrelation. As revealed by autocorrelation analysis, macro fauna diversity and trees cover didn’t show any spatial structure but fractal analysis helps us to explore spatial structure that may not detected using autocorrelation to describe the spatial structure.  }, keywords = {Fractal Dimension,Soil Macro Fauna Diversity,Canopy,Spatial Structure,Autocorrelation}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تغییرات مکانی جانداران خاکزی و تاج پوشش درختان با استفاده از نظریه فرکتال (مطالعه موردی: جنگل‌های حاشیه رودخانه مارون)}, abstract_fa = {از ‌‌آنجا ‌‌که ‌‌پایداری ‌‌پوشش ‌‌گیاهی ‌‌در ‌‌جنگل‌‌های ‌‌حاشیة ‌‌رودخانه،‌‌ ‌‌نقش ‌‌حیاتی ‌‌در ‌‌حفظ ‌‌اکوسیستم ‌‌‌‌دارد، ‌‌احیا ‌‌و ‌‌مدیریت ‌‌آن ‌‌برای ‌‌پایداری ‌‌عملکرد ‌‌بوم‌‌سازگان ‌‌ضروری ‌‌است. ‌‌در ‌‌این ‌‌جنگل‌ها، ‌‌توزیع ‌‌مکانی ‌‌جانداران ‌‌خاکزی ‌‌و ‌‌پوشش ‌‌گیاهی ‌‌به ‌‌عنوان ‌‌شاخص‌‌های ‌‌مهمّ ‌‌پایداری، ‌‌تحت ‌‌تأثیر ‌‌عوامل ‌‌متعدّدی ‌‌قرار ‌‌داشته ‌‌و ‌‌الگوی ‌‌آنها ‌‌دارای ‌‌نوسانات ‌‌بسیار ‌‌است. ‌‌در ‌‌بررسی ‌‌حاضر ‌‌از ‌‌نظریّة ‌‌فرکتال ‌‌به ‌‌منظور ‌‌توصیف ‌‌تغییرات ‌‌مکانی ‌‌‌تاج‌پوشش ‌‌درختان ‌‌و ‌‌‌تنوّع ‌‌زیستی ‌‌ماکروفون ‌‌خاک ‌‌در ‌‌جنگل‌‌های ‌‌حاشیة رودخانة ‌‌مارون ‌‌در ‌‌استان ‌‌خوزستان ‌‌استفاده ‌‌شده ‌‌است. ‌‌قطعه‌نمونه­ها ‌‌بر ‌‌روی ‌‌ترانسکت‌‌هایی ‌‌با ‌‌فاصلة ‌‌100 ‌‌متر ‌‌از ‌‌یکدیگر ‌‌و ‌‌عمود ‌‌بر ‌‌رودخانه ‌‌برای ‌‌جمع‌‌آوری ‌‌ماکروفون ‌‌خاک ‌‌واقع ‌‌شدند. ‌‌فاصلة ‌‌قطعه‌نمونه‌‌های ‌‌ماکروفون ‌‌از ‌‌یکدیگر ‌‌50 ‌‌متر ‌‌انتخاب ‌‌گردید. ‌‌سپس ‌‌ماکروفون ‌‌خاک ‌‌در ‌‌قطعه‌نمونه‌‌هایی ‌‌با ‌‌ابعاد ‌‌50 ‌‌سانتی‌‌متر ‌‌× ‌‌50 ‌‌سانتی‌‌متر، ‌‌در ‌‌عمق ‌‌10-‌‌0 ‌‌سانتی‌‌متری ‌‌خاک ‌‌و ‌‌به ‌‌روش ‌‌دستی ‌‌جمع‌‌آوری ‌‌شدند. ‌‌شاخص‌‌های ‌‌‌تنوّع ‌‌جانداران ‌‌خاکزی ‌‌شامل ‌‌یکنواختی ‌‌(شلدون)،‌‌‌تنوّع ‌‌(شانون) ‌‌و ‌‌غنا ‌‌(منهنیک) ‌‌محاسبه ‌‌شدند. ‌‌همچنین ‌‌درصد ‌‌‌تاج‌پوشش ‌‌کل، ‌‌‌تاج‌پوشش ‌‌پده، ‌‌گز ‌‌و ‌‌سریم، ‌‌در ‌‌قطعه‌نمونه‌‌هایی ‌‌به ‌‌ابعاد ‌‌5 ‌‌متر ‌‌× ‌‌5 ‌‌متر ‌‌مورد ‌‌اندازه‌‌گیری ‌‌قرار ‌‌گرفتند. ‌‌نتایج ‌‌نشان ‌‌دادند ‌‌که ‌‌میزان ‌‌ضریب ‌‌تغییرات ‌‌شاخص‌‌های ‌‌‌تنوّع ‌زیستی ‌‌جانداران ‌‌خاکزی ‌‌و ‌‌‌تاج‌پوشش ‌‌پده، ‌‌گز ‌‌و ‌‌سریم، ‌‌زیاد ‌‌است. ‌‌همچنین ‌‌هیچ‌کدام ‌‌از ‌‌متغیّرها، ‌‌خودهمبستگی ‌‌ندارند ‌‌که ‌‌در ‌‌واقع ‌‌تأیید‌‌کنندة ‌‌عدم ‌‌وجود ‌‌ساختار ‌‌مکانی ‌‌مشخّص ‌‌آنهاست. ‌‌بررسی ‌‌نحوة ‌‌پراکنش ‌‌متغیّرها ‌‌نشان ‌‌می‌‌دهد ‌‌که ‌‌نوسانات ‌‌شدیدی ‌‌در ‌‌منطقه ‌‌وجود ‌‌دارد ‌‌و ‌‌تغییرات ‌‌مکانی ‌‌دارای ‌‌ساختار ‌‌و ‌‌نظام‌‌مندی ‌‌مشخّصی ‌‌نیست ‌‌و ‌‌مقدار ‌‌بُعد ‌‌فرکتالی ‌‌متغیّرها ‌‌نیز ‌‌بالاست. ‌‌در ‌‌واقع ‌‌با ‌‌افزایش ‌‌سطح ‌‌مطالعاتی، ‌‌تغییرات ‌‌مکانی ‌‌متغیّرها ‌‌با ‌‌جزئیات ‌‌بیشتری ‌‌آشکار ‌‌می‌‌شود.  }, keywords_fa = {‌‌بعد ‌‌فرکتال,‌‌‌تنوّع ‌‌جانداران ‌‌خاکزی,‌‌‌تاج‌پوشش,‌‌ساختار ‌‌مکانی,‌‌خودهمبستگی}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_590.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_590_27e08af09ae4c5c1b35520c160b9d9bb.pdf} } @article { author = {Azari, Arash and Zarei, Zahra and hajibabaei, zahra}, title = {Wind Power Survey for Sustainable Development of Energy in Hamedan}, journal = {Geography and Environmental Sustainability}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {99-116}, year = {2016}, publisher = {Razi University}, issn = {2322-3197}, eissn = {2676-5683}, doi = {}, abstract = {The study of replacing fossil fuels with clean and renewable energies is growing over the world and exploitation of these sustainable energy sources is of special importance due to environmental necessities and diversify the sources of energy used. The present study aimed to determine wind energy potential and check if there are any possible optimal locations in order to exploit sustainable wind energy using statistics of synoptic stations in Hamadan province. In this study, initially, three-hour long-term data of wind speed and direction were evaluated using the synoptic stations statistics in Hamedan province during a five-year period. Then, Annual Wind Rose graph was drawn. After that, different distributions were tested for fitting wind data. Experimental probability of data was calculated using selected distribution. The results showed that in Hamedan station, Weibull and in Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan stations, inverse Gaussian distribution are the most accurate distributions in predicting the possibilities of wind speed. Also the wind power density at the maximum possible height for using wind power was calculated 15.24, 21.7, 10.8 and 6.3 watts per square meter in Hamadan, Nojeh, Skinheads and Tuyserkan stations respectively. According to the results, none of the obtained figures is desirable compared with the necessary standards for constructing wind power plants. Due to the number of wind blowing hours and necessary wind existence percentage between start and stop speeds of wind turbines, wind energy exploitation in of the surveyed stations is not cost-effective, therefore, they are not recommended Extended Abstract 1-Introduction The study of replacing fossil fuels with clean and renewable energies is growing over the world and exploitation of these sustainable energy sources is of special importance due to environmental necessities and diversify the sources of energy used. The present study aimed to determine wind energy potential and check if there are any possible optimal locations in order to exploit sustainable wind energy using statistics of synoptic stations in Hamadan province. One of the other objectives of this research is to survey the ability of different statistical distributions in predicting the possibilities of wind speed in the studied stations is. The present study can show an overview of wind energy status in the province synoptic stations and also evaluate the validity of the country's wind map that has been performed in the province, on the basis of preliminary evaluations, at the scale of 1: 250,000 with low accuracy. 2- Materials and Methods In this study, the three-hour long-term data of the wind speed and direction were evaluated and classified in the province synoptic stations during a five-year statistical period. To detect the speed and direction of the prevailing wind, the wind rose of studied stations were plotted using WRPLOT software. Then, using "Easy fit" software, different statistical distributions for fitting to wind data were tested and experimental probability of the data was calculated using selected distribution. Finally based on wind speed classification, parameters such as rated speed, most probable wind speed; total hours of wind blowing in wind turbines operation area and exploitable wind energy at the maximum possible height to install wind turbines in each of studied stations were calculated and evaluated. 3- Results and Discussion According to the results, despite of most of conducted researches especially in the interior, wind power metering using only Weibull distribution, is not correct and in each station various distributions should be tested and the best distribution in terms of accurately predicting wind probability should be selected. Results showed that in Hamedan station, Weibull and in Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan inverse Gaussian distribution is of the most accuracy in predicting the possibilities of wind speed. The rated wind speed i.e. the speed at which the maximum wind energy is generated over the year, in Hamedan, Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan stations is respectively 3.24, 3.45, 3.05 and 2.75 meters per second and the most probable wind speed in these stations was calculated, 0.78, 2.15, 1.45 and 1.35 meters per second respectively. According to these results, the rated wind speed and the most probable wind speed in all of studied stations were out of wind turbines start and stop speed range that is not desirable. In addition, in the mentioned stations, in 3, 4, 3 and 2 percent of the hours of wind existence, the wind speed was between 4 and 25 meters per second respectively. So the windy hours between these two speeds (4-25 m/s) in these stations- that are most of wind turbines start and stop speeds- was respectively calculated 193.41, 567.1, 315.41 and 222.6 hours, in year which is not satisfactory in any way. Besides, wind power density at the maximum possible height of wind power use in Hamadan, Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan stations is respectively calculated 15.24, 21.7, 10.8 and 6.3 watts per square meter in the figures are not significant with necessary standards as well as researches conducted by other researchers. 4-ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, none of the obtained figures compared to necessary standards, was desirable enough to construct wind power plants. Due to the number of windy hours and the percentage of necessary wind existence between start and stop speeds of wind turbines and density of the generated energy at the maximum possible height for installing wind turbines, exploiting wind energy in any of the studied stations is not economical and recommended. As the number of stations that record hourly wind data with appropriate statistical period in the province is limited, to further scrutiny the issue, after conducting field survey and based on specialist's idea and discussing with local experts, setting up a station for automatically and momentary recording wind speed and direction data around Famenin and Asadabad near the city of Hamadan is recommended.  }, keywords = {Wind Energy,Probability Distributions,Wind Speed,Sustainable development,Hamedan}, title_fa = {توان سنجی باد برای توسعه پایدار انرژی در استان همدان}, abstract_fa = {بررسی جایگزینی سوخت‌های فسیلی با انرژی‌های پاک و تجدیدپذیر در جهان رو به گسترش است و  بهره‌برداری از این منابع انرژی پایدار، به دلیل ضرورت‌های زیست‌محیطی و تنوّع‌بخشیدن به منابع انرژی مورد استفاده، از اهمّیّت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین پتانسیل انرژی باد و بررسی موجودیت نقاط بهینة احتمالی، جهت بهره‌برداری از انرژی پایدار باد با استفاده از آمار ایستگاه‌‌های سینوپتیک استان همدان است. در این تحقیق، ابتدا داده‌‌های بلندمدّت‌‌ سه ساعتة سمت و سرعت باد، در ایستگاه‌‌های سینوپتیک استان همدان در طی دورة آماری 5 ساله مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت و گلباد سالانه در محلّ ایستگاه‌‌ها ترسیم شد. سپس توزیع‌‌های آماری مختلف برای برازش بر داده‌‌های باد مورد آزمون قرار گرفت و احتمال تجربی داده‌‌ها با استفاده از توزیع منتخب محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد، در ایستگاه همدان توزیع ویبول و در ایستگاه‌‌های نوژه، نهاوند و تویسرکان توزیع گوسی معکوس بیشترین دقّت را در پیش‌‌بینی احتمالات وقوع سرعت باد دارد؛ همچنین چگالی توان باد در حداکثر ارتفاع ممکن استفاده از توان باد، در ایستگاه‌‌های همدان، نوژه، نهاوند و تویسرکان به ترتیب 24/15، 7/21، 8/10 و 3/6 وات در هر مترمربع محاسبه شد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، هیچ‌کدام از ارقام به دست آمده در مقایسه با استانداردهای لازم جهت احداث نیروگاه بادی در حدّ مطلوب نیست. با توجّه به تعداد ساعات وزش باد و همچنین درصد موجودیت باد لازم بین سرعت‌‌های راه‌اندازی و توقّف توربین‌های بادی، بهره‌برداری از انرژی باد در هیچ‌کدام از ایستگاه‌‌های مورد بررسی مقرون به صرفه نبوده و توصیه نمی‌‌گردد.}, keywords_fa = {انرژی باد,توزیع‌‌های احتمالاتی,سرعت باد,توسعة پایدار,همدان}, url = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_591.html}, eprint = {https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_591_5fd504961ab08b076a2980a8d177cf01.pdf} }